On the Resurrection of the Dead · §3 · Athenagoras

God's power shown from creation itself

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Athenagoras is arguing that God's power is sufficient for the resurrection, and he now points to the original creation of human bodies as proof.

Moreover, the very origin of these bodies shows that God's power is sufficient for the resurrection of the bodies. For if he made human bodies and their first principles when they did not exist at their original constitution, he will also raise them after they have been dissolved, in whatever manner it happens, with equal ease; for this too is equally possible for him. And the argument suffers no harm whether some suppose the first principles to be from matter, or human bodies to be from the elements as first things, or from seeds. For the power that is able to shape what they consider formless matter, to adorn what is shapeless and unordered with many different forms, to gather the parts of the elements into one, to divide the seed that is one and simple into many, to articulate what is unarticulated, and to give life to what is not living—that same power is able to unite what has been dissolved, to raise what lies fallen, to make alive again what has died, and to change the corruptible into incorruptibility. And it would belong to the same power and wisdom also to separate from there the thing scattered among a multitude of all kinds of animals—as many as are accustomed to attack such bodies and gather their fill from them—and to unite it again to its proper parts and members, whether it has passed from those animals into one animal or into many, or from there into others, or whether, dissolved together with those very animals, it has been carried back to the first principles according to the natural dissolution into them. This is what seemed especially to trouble some, even among those admired for wisdom, who somehow considered strong the perplexities brought forward by the many.

Greek

Καὶ μὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν, ὡς ἔστιν ἀρκοῦσα πρὸς τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἀνάστασιν, δείκνυσιν ἡ τούτων αὐτῶν γένεσις. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ὄντα κατὰ τὴν πρώτην σύστασιν ἐποίησε τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων σώματα καὶ τὰς τούτων ἀρχάς, καὶ διαλυθέντα, καθ᾿ ὃν ἂν τύχῃ τρόπον, ἀναστήσει μετὰ τῆς ἴσης εὐμαρείας· ἐπ᾿ ἴσης γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ τοῦτο δυνατόν. Καὶ τῷ λόγῳ βλάβος οὐδέν, κἂν ἐξ ὕλης ὑποθῶνταί τινες τὰς πρώτας ἀρχάς, κἂν ἐκ τῶν στοιχείων ὡς πρώτων τὰ σώματα τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κἂν ἐκ σπερμάτων. Ἧς γάρ ἐστι δυνάμεως καὶ τὴν παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς νενομισμένην ἄμορφον οὖσαν μορφῶσαι, καὶ τὴν ἀνείδεον καὶ ἀδιακόσμητον πολλοῖς καὶ διαφόροις εἴδεσι κοσμῆσαι, καὶ τὰ μέρη τῶν στοιχείων εἰς ἓν συναγαγεῖν, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα ἓν ὂν καὶ ἁπλοῦν εἰς πολλὰ διελεῖν, καὶ τὸ ἀδιάρθρωτον διαρθρῶσαι, καὶ τῷ μὴ ζῶντι δοῦναι ζωήν, τῆς αὐτῆς ἐστι καὶ τὸ διαλελυμένον ἑνῶσαι, καὶ τὸ κείμενον ἀναστῆσαι, καὶ τὸ τεθνηκὸς ζωοποιῆσαι πάλιν, καὶ τὸ φθαρτὸν μεταβαλεῖν εἰς ἀρθαρσίαν. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ δ᾿ ἂν εἴη καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως καὶ σοφίας καὶ τὸ διατεθρυμμένον πλήθει ζώων παντοδαπῶν, ὁπόσα τοῖς τοιούτοις σώμασιν ἐπιτρέχειν εἴωθε καὶ τὸν ἐκ τούτων ἀγείρειν κόρον, διακρῖναι μὲν ἐκεῖθεν, ἑνῶσαι δὲ πάλιν τοῖς οἰκείοις μέρεσι καὶ μορίοις, κἂν εἰς ἓν ἐξ ἐκείνων χωρήσῃ ζῶον, κἂν εἰς πολλά, κἂν ἐντεῦθεν εἰς ἕτερα, κἂν ἐκείνοις αὐτοῖς συνδιαλυθὲν ἐπὶ τὰς πρώτας ἀρχὰς ἐνεχθῇ κατὰ τὴν φυσικὴν εἰς ταύτας ἀνάλυσιν· ὃ δὴ καὶ μάλιστα ταράττειν ἔδοξέ τινας καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ θαυμαζομένων, ἰσχυρὰς οὐκ οἶδ᾿ ὅπως ἡγησαμένων τὰς παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν φερομένας διαπορήσεις.

About this text

Athenagoras argues that God can raise the dead, and that the rising of the body fits God's purpose, human nature, and justice.

Athenagoras (fl. c. 177) was an Athenian philosopher who converted to Christianity and wrote in Greek as a Christian apologist. This treatise is addressed to those who disbelieve or doubt the resurrection of the dead, urging them to examine the question rationally rather than by idle speculation. He wrote to show that bodily resurrection is both possible for God and consistent with God's purpose, human nature, and divine justice.

The work answers pagan philosophers and other critics who claimed that resurrection was impossible or contrary to God's will. Athenagoras first argues that disbelief is unreasonable unless critics can prove resurrection impossible or unwilled by God. He then shows that God's knowledge and power make resurrection possible, and that apparent difficulties such as bodies eaten by animals do not prevent it, because only what is truly proper food can be united to a body.

A reader will meet the critics who raise objections, including the mythological figure Thyestes as an example of cannibalism, and an unnamed apostle quoted as saying that the corruptible must put on incorruptibility. Athenagoras argues from God's purpose in creating humans, from human nature as a compound of soul and body, and from divine justice, which requires that the whole human being receive reward or punishment. The apostle quoted is Paul, and the saying about the corruptible putting on incorruptibility comes from 1 Corinthians 15:54.

New English from the Greek base text; no published English used as wording.

Printed text used

Translated from Athenagorae Philosophi Atheniensis Opera Athenagoras Johann Karl Theodor von Otto Mauke Jena 1857 (Greek)

This work has not yet been re-checked against its source. This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.