On the Resurrection of the Dead · §17 · Athenagoras

Natural sequence grounds belief in resurrection

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Athenagoras is arguing that the observable natural sequence of human development—from seed to growth to decay—gives rational ground for believing in resurrection, even where the stages are not visible in advance.

For this is the nature of human beings: from the beginning, by the purpose of the Maker, it has been allotted an irregular course, and so its life and continuance are irregular. At one time they are interrupted by sleep, at another by death, and by the changes that come with each stage of life, since what comes later is not clearly visible in what comes first. Who would ever have believed, without being taught by experience, that in seed which is uniform and still being formed there lie stored up so many and such great powers, or that from it would arise such different masses as they are joined and compacted together—I mean bones, sinews, cartilage, and also muscles, flesh, entrails, and the remaining parts of the body? For none of these can be seen while the seeds are still fluid, nor is anything that belongs to the mature visible in infants, nor what belongs to those past their prime visible in the mature, nor what belongs to the aged visible in those past their prime. And yet, although some of these things show the natural sequence and the changes that come to human nature either not at all or only dimly, all who are not blinded by wickedness or carelessness in judging these matters know that first the deposit of the seeds must take place; then, when they have been articulated into each part and member and those conceived have come forth into the light, there follows growth in the first stage of life, then completion through growth, and after completion a decline of the natural powers until old age, and finally, when the bodies have grown weary, their dissolution. Just as in this case—where the seed does not have the life or form of human beings written into it, nor does life have its dissolution back into its first elements written into it—the chain of natural events gives faith to those who do not find what is trustworthy in the appearances themselves, so much more does reason, tracing out the truth from the natural sequence, confirm the resurrection, since it is more reliable and stronger than experience for establishing the truth.

Greek

Αὕτη γὰρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ φύσις, ἄνωθεν καὶ κατὰ γνώμην τοῦ ποιήσαντος συγκεκληρωμένην ἔχουσα τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν, ἀνώμαλον ἔχει τὴν ζωὴν καὶ τὴν διαμονήν, ποτὲ μὲν ὕπνῳ ποτὲ δὲ θανάτῳ διακοπτομένην καὶ ταῖς καθ᾿ ἑκάστην ἡλικίαν μεταβολαῖς, οὐκ ἐμφαινομένων ἐναργῶς τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν ὕστερον ἐπιγινομένων. Ἢ τίς ἂν ἐπίστευσεν, μὴ τῇ πείρᾳ δεδιδαγμένος, ἐν ὁμοιομερεῖ καὶ διαπλάστῳ τῷ σπέρματι τοσούτων καὶ τηλικούτων ἀποκεῖσθαι δυνάμεων ἢ τῶν ταύτῃ ἐπισυνισταμένων καὶ πηγνυμένων ὄγκων διαφοράν, ὀστέων φημὶ καὶ νεύρων καὶ χόνδρων, ἔτι δὲ καὶ μυῶν καὶ σαρκῶν καὶ σπλάγχνων καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν τοῦ σώματος μερῶν; Οὔτε γὰρ ἐν ὑγροῖς ἔτι τοῖς σπέρμασι τούτων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν οὐδέν, οὔτε μὴν τοῖς νηπίοις ἐμφαίνεταί τι τῶν τοῖς τελείοις ἐπιγινομένων, ἢ τῇ τῶν τελείων ἡλικίᾳ τὰ τῶν παρηβηκότων, ἢ τούτοις τὰ τῶν γεγηρακότων. Ἀλλὰ δὴ καίτοι τῶν εἰρημένων τινῶν μὲν οὔθ᾿ ὅλως τινῶν δὲ ἀμυδρῶς ἐμφαινόντων τὴν φυσικὴν ἀκολουθίαν καὶ τὰς τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιγινομένας μεταβολάς, ὅμως ἴσασιν ὅσοι μὴ τυφλώττουσιν ὑπὸ κακίας ἢ ῥαθυμίας περὶ τὴν τούτων κρίσιν, ὅτι δεῖ πρῶτον μὲν γενέσθαι τῶν σπερμάτων καταβολήν, διαρθρωθέντων δὲ τούτων καθ᾿ ἕκαστον μέρος καὶ μόριον καὶ προελθόντων εἰς φῶς τῶν κυηθέντων ἐπιγίνεται μὲν ἡ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην ἡλικίαν αὔξησις, ἥ τε κατ᾿ αὔξησιν τελείωσις, τελειωθέντων δὲ ὕφεσις τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων μέχρι γήρως, εἶτα πεπονηκότων τῶν σωμάτων ἡ διάλυσις. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, οὔτε τοῦ σπέρματος ἐγγεγραμμένην ἔχοντος τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωὴν ἢ μορφὴν οὔτε τῆς ζωῆς τὴν εἰς τὰς πρώτας ἀρχὰς διάλυσιν, ὁ τῶν φυσικῶς γενομένων εἱρμὸς παρέχει τὴν πίστιν τοῖς οὐκ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν φαινομένων ἔχουσι τὸ πιστόν, πολὺ μᾶλλον ὁ λόγος ἐκ τῆς φυσικῆς ἀκολουθίας ἀνιχνεύων τὴν ἀλήθειαν πιστοῦται τὴν ἀνάστασιν, ἀσφαλέστερος ὢν καὶ κρείττων τῆς πείρας πρὸς πίστωσιν ἀληθείας.

About this text

Athenagoras argues that God can raise the dead, and that the rising of the body fits God's purpose, human nature, and justice.

Athenagoras (fl. c. 177) was an Athenian philosopher who converted to Christianity and wrote in Greek as a Christian apologist. This treatise is addressed to those who disbelieve or doubt the resurrection of the dead, urging them to examine the question rationally rather than by idle speculation. He wrote to show that bodily resurrection is both possible for God and consistent with God's purpose, human nature, and divine justice.

The work answers pagan philosophers and other critics who claimed that resurrection was impossible or contrary to God's will. Athenagoras first argues that disbelief is unreasonable unless critics can prove resurrection impossible or unwilled by God. He then shows that God's knowledge and power make resurrection possible, and that apparent difficulties such as bodies eaten by animals do not prevent it, because only what is truly proper food can be united to a body.

A reader will meet the critics who raise objections, including the mythological figure Thyestes as an example of cannibalism, and an unnamed apostle quoted as saying that the corruptible must put on incorruptibility. Athenagoras argues from God's purpose in creating humans, from human nature as a compound of soul and body, and from divine justice, which requires that the whole human being receive reward or punishment. The apostle quoted is Paul, and the saying about the corruptible putting on incorruptibility comes from 1 Corinthians 15:54.

New English from the Greek base text; no published English used as wording.

Printed text used

Translated from Athenagorae Philosophi Atheniensis Opera Athenagoras Johann Karl Theodor von Otto Mauke Jena 1857 (Greek)

This work has not yet been re-checked against its source. This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.