On the Resurrection of the Dead · §15 · Athenagoras

Human nature as a compound requires the body's resurrection

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Athenagoras has just shown that resurrection follows from God's purpose in creating humans and from human nature, and now argues from the compound nature of soul and body that the whole human being must endure.

The cause seen in the creation of human beings is enough by itself to show that the resurrection follows the dissolved bodies by a natural sequence. Even so, it is perhaps right not to shrink from any of the questions that have been set before us. In keeping with what has been said, I should also point out to those who cannot see it for themselves the starting points supplied by each of the things that follow. Before all the others, I should point to the nature of the human beings who have come into being, which leads to the same thought and provides equal confidence about the resurrection.

For the whole common nature of human beings has its constitution from an immortal soul and the body fitted to it at birth. God did not allot such a birth or life or the whole course of life to the nature of the soul by itself, nor to the nature of the body separately. He allotted it to the human beings who come from these two, so that from the things by which they are born and live they may pass through life and come to one common end. Since there is one living being from both, the one that suffers whatever belongs to the soul and whatever belongs to the body, and that acts and does whatever requires sense perception or rational judgment, it is absolutely necessary that the whole chain of these things be referred to one end. Everything in every way must run together toward one harmony and the same sympathy: the birth of a human being, the nature of a human being, the life of a human being, the actions and sufferings of a human being, and the life and the end proper to that nature.

If there is one harmony of the whole living being and one sympathy, both of the things that spring from the soul and of the things accomplished through the body, then the end of all these things must also be one. And there will truly be one end, since the same living being exists according to its own constitution, and the end is the end of that very being. The same living being will exist in a pure sense when all the same parts from which the living being is composed, as from its parts, are present. And the same parts will exist according to their proper union, when the dissolved parts are united again for the constitution of the living being.

The constitution of the same human beings necessarily shows that the resurrection of the bodies that have died and been dissolved follows. For without this, the same parts could not be united to each other according to nature, nor could the nature of the same human beings be constituted.

Mind and reason have been given to human beings for the discernment of intelligible things, not only of realities, but also of the goodness and wisdom and justice of the one who gave them. Since the things for whose sake rational judgment was given continue to exist, it is necessary that the judgment given for these things also continues to exist. But it is impossible for this judgment to continue unless the nature that received it, and the nature in which it resides, also continues. The one who received mind and reason is the human being, not the soul by itself. Therefore the whole person, the one who is from both, must continue forever. But it is impossible for this human being to continue unless he is raised. For if the resurrection does not happen, the nature of human beings as human beings would not continue.

If the nature of human beings does not continue, then the soul has been fitted to the body's need and to its sufferings in vain. The body has been bound in vain to obtain what it desires, yielding to the soul's reins and being bridled. Mind is vain, and wisdom is vain, and the observance of justice, and the practice of every virtue, and the establishment and ordering of laws. To say it all at once, everything good among human beings and for human beings is vain, and even more, the very birth and nature of human beings is vain. But if the vain has been driven out from all the works of God and from all the gifts given by him, then the continuance of the body according to its own nature must absolutely endure together with the endless existence of the soul.

Greek

Ἀρκούσης δὲ καὶ μόνης τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ γενέσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων θεωρουμένης αἰτίας δεῖξαι τὴν ἀνάστασιν κατὰ φυσικὴν ἀκολουθίαν ἑπομένην τοῖς διαλυθεῖσι σώμασι, δίκαιον ἴσως πρὸς μηδὲν ἀποκνῆσαι τῶν προτεθέντων, ἀκολούθως δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις καὶ τὰς ἐξ ἑκάστου τῶν ἑπομένων ἀφορμὰς ὑποδεῖξαι τοῖς ἐξ αὐτῶν συνιδεῖν μὴ δυναμένοις, καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων τὴν τῶν γενομένων ἀνθρώπων φύσιν, ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἄγουσαν ἔννοιαν καὶ τὴν ἴσην παρέχουσαν περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως πίστιν. Εἰ γὰρ πᾶσα κοινῶς ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσις ἐκ ψυχῆς ἀθανάτου καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν γένεσιν αὐτῇ συναρμοσθέντος σώματος ἔχει τὴν σύστασιν, καὶ μήτε τῇ φύσει τῆς ψυχῆς καθ᾿ ἑαυτὴν μήτε τῇ φύσει τοῦ σώματος χωρὶς ἀπεκλήρωσε θεὸς τὴν τοιάνδε γένεσιν ἢ τὴν ζωὴν καὶ τὸν σύμπαντα βίον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ τούτων γενομένοις ἀνθρώποις, ἵν᾿ ἐξ ὧν γεννῶνται καὶ ζῶσι διαβιώσαντες εἰς ἕν τι καὶ κοινὸν καταλήξωσι τέλος, δεῖ πάντως ἑνὸς ὄντος ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ζώου, τοῦ καὶ πάσχοντος ὁπόσα πάθη ψυχῆς καὶ ὁπόσα τοῦ σώματος, ἐνεργοῦντός τε καὶ πράττοντος ὁπόσα τῆς αἰσθητικῆς ἢ τῆς λογικῆς δεῖται κρίσεως, πρὸς ἕν τι τέλος ἀναφέρεσθαι πάντα τὸν ἐκ τούτων εἱρμόν, ἵνα πάντα καὶ διὰ πάντων συντρέχῃ πρὸς μίαν ἁρμονίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν συμπάθειαν, ἀνθρώπου γένεσις, ἀνθρώπου φύσις, ἀνθρώπου ζωή, ἀνθρώπου πράξεις καὶ πάθη, καὶ βίος καὶ τὸ τῇ φύσει προσῆκον τέλος. Εἰ δὲ μία τίς ἐστιν ἁρμονία τοῦ ζώου παντὸς καὶ συμπάθεια, καὶ τῶν ἐκ ψυχῆς φυομένων καὶ τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἐπιτελουμένων, ἓν εἶναι δεῖ καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τούτοις τέλος. Ἓν δὲ τέλος ἔσται κατ᾿ ἀλήθειαν, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ζώου κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σύστασιν ὄντος, οὗπέρ ἐστι τέλος τὸ τέλος. Τὸ αὐτὸ δὲ ζῶον ἔσται καθαρῶς, τῶν αὐτῶν ὄντων πάντων ἐξ ὧν ὡς μερων τὸ ζῶον. Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἰδιάζουσαν ἕνωσιν ἔσται, τῶν διαλυθέντων πάλιν ἑνωθέντων πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ζώου σύστασιν. Ἡ δὲ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀνθρώπων σύσταστις ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἑπομένην δείκνυσι τὴν τῶν νεκρωθέντων καὶ διαλυθέντων σωμάτων ἀνάστασιν· ταύτης γὰρ χωρὶς οὔτ᾿ ἂν ἑνωθείη τὰ αὐτὰ μέρη κατὰ φύσιν ἀλλήλοις, οὔτ᾿ ἂν συσταίη τῶν αὐτῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ φύσις. Εἰ δὲ καὶ νοῦς καὶ λόγος δέδοται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πρὸς διάκρισιν νοητῶν, οὐκ οὐσιῶν μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τοῦ δόντος ἀγαθότητος καὶ σοφίας καὶ δικαιοσύνης, ἀνάγκη, διαμενόντων ὧν ἕνεκεν ἡ λογικὴ δέδοται κρίσις, καὶ αὐτὴν διαμένειν τὴν ἐπὶ τούτοις δοθεῖσαν κρίσιν. Ταύτην δὲ διαμένειν ἀδύνατον, μὴ τῆς δεξαμένης αὐτὴν καὶ τῆς ἐν οἷς ἐστι διαμενούσης φύσεως. Ὁ δὲ καὶ νοῦν καὶ λόγον δεξάμενός ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος, οὐ ψυχὴ καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν. Ἄνθρωπον ἄρα δεῖ τὸν ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ὄντα διαμένειν εἰς ἀεί. Τοῦτον δὲ ἀδύνατον διαμένειν, μὴ ἀνιστάμενον. Ἀναστάσεως γὰρ μὴ γινομένης, οὐκ ἂν ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὡς ἀνθρώπων διαμένοι φύσις. Τῆς δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσεως μὴ διαμενούσης, μάτην μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ συνήρμοσται τῇ τοῦ σώματος ἐνδείᾳ καὶ τοῖς τούτου πάθεσι, μάτην δὲ τὸ σῶμα πεπέδηται πρὸς τὸ τυγχάνειν ὧν ὀρέγεται, ταῖς τῆς ψυχῆς ἡνίαις ὑπεῖκον καὶ χαλιναγωγούμενον, μάταιος δὲ ὁ νοῦς, ματαία δὲ φρόνησις, καὶ δικαιοσύνης παρατήρησις, ἢ καὶ πάσης ἀρετῆς ἄσκησις, καὶ νόμων θέσις καὶ διάταξις, καὶ συνόλως εἰπεῖν πᾶν ὅ τι περ ἐν ἀνθρώποις καὶ δἰ ἀνθρώπους καλόν, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ γένεσίς τε καὶ φύσις. Εἰ δὲ πάντων καὶ πανταχόθεν ἀπελήλαται τῶν ἔργων τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν ὑπ᾿ ἐκεῖνου διδομένων δωρεῶν τὸ μάταιον, δεῖ πάντως τῷ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀτελευτήτῳ συνδιαιωνίζειν τὴν τοῦ σώματος διαμονὴν κατὰ τὴν οἰκείαν φύσιν.

About this text

Athenagoras argues that God can raise the dead, and that the rising of the body fits God's purpose, human nature, and justice.

Athenagoras (fl. c. 177) was an Athenian philosopher who converted to Christianity and wrote in Greek as a Christian apologist. This treatise is addressed to those who disbelieve or doubt the resurrection of the dead, urging them to examine the question rationally rather than by idle speculation. He wrote to show that bodily resurrection is both possible for God and consistent with God's purpose, human nature, and divine justice.

The work answers pagan philosophers and other critics who claimed that resurrection was impossible or contrary to God's will. Athenagoras first argues that disbelief is unreasonable unless critics can prove resurrection impossible or unwilled by God. He then shows that God's knowledge and power make resurrection possible, and that apparent difficulties such as bodies eaten by animals do not prevent it, because only what is truly proper food can be united to a body.

A reader will meet the critics who raise objections, including the mythological figure Thyestes as an example of cannibalism, and an unnamed apostle quoted as saying that the corruptible must put on incorruptibility. Athenagoras argues from God's purpose in creating humans, from human nature as a compound of soul and body, and from divine justice, which requires that the whole human being receive reward or punishment. The apostle quoted is Paul, and the saying about the corruptible putting on incorruptibility comes from 1 Corinthians 15:54.

New English from the Greek base text; no published English used as wording.

Printed text used

Translated from Athenagorae Philosophi Atheniensis Opera Athenagoras Johann Karl Theodor von Otto Mauke Jena 1857 (Greek)

This work has not yet been re-checked against its source. This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.