Method and order of proof for the resurrection
Athenagoras is laying out the proper method and order of argument for demonstrating the resurrection before turning to the nature of human beings.
A demonstration of the doctrines of truth—or of whatever is put forward for examination—brings unerring conviction to what is said. It does not take its starting point from somewhere outside, nor from what seems right or has been decided by certain people, but from the common and natural conception or from the sequence of what follows from first things. For either the subject concerns first doctrines, and then only a reminder is needed to stir the natural conception; or it concerns what follows by nature from first things and from the natural sequence, and then order is required. In that case we must show what truly follows from the first things or from what has been set down before, so that we neither neglect the truth or the certainty that belongs to it, nor confuse what nature has ordered and distinguished, nor tear apart the natural chain.
For this reason I think that those who have taken the present subject seriously, and who wish to judge sensibly whether or not there is a resurrection of human bodies, should first examine carefully the force of the arguments that contribute to demonstrating it, and what place each one has received: which of them is first, which second, which third, and which comes last after these. After arranging these matters, they should place first the cause of the creation of human beings—that is, the purpose of the one who created them, according to which he made the human being. To this they should fittingly attach the nature of the human beings who have come to be, not because it is second in rank, but because judgment cannot be made about both at the same time, even though they coexist with each other as much as possible and provide equal force for the present question.
Through these arguments, as first principles that have their origin in creation, the resurrection is clearly demonstrated. No less can conviction about it be gained through the arguments from providence—I mean through the honor or punishment owed to each human being according to just judgment, and through the end of human life. For many who discuss the argument for the resurrection have rested the whole cause on the third thing alone, thinking that the cause is judgment. But this is plainly shown to be false by the fact that all human beings who die are raised, yet not all who are raised are judged. If the justice of judgment were the only cause of the resurrection, then surely those who have neither sinned nor done right—that is, very young children—would not be raised. But since all are raised, both others and especially those who died in their first age, they themselves confirm that the resurrection does not occur primarily because of judgment, but because of the purpose of the one who created them and the nature of those who were created.
Greek
Ἡ τῶν τῆς ἀληθείας δογμάτων ἢ τῶν ὁπωσοῦν εἰς ἐξέτασιν προβαλλομένων ἀπόδειξις, τὴν ἀπλανῆ τοῖς λεγομένοις ἐπιφέρουσα πίστιν, οὐκ ἔξωθέν ποθεν ἔχει τὴν ἀρχήν, οὐδ᾿ ἐκ τῶν τισι δοκούντων ἢ δεδογμένων, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ τῆς κοινῆς καὶ φυσικῆς ἐννοίας ἢ τῆς πρὸς τὰ πρῶτα τῶν δευτέρων ἀκολουθίας. Ἤ γὰρ περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἐστὶ δογμάτων, καὶ δεῖ μόνης ὑπομνήσεως τῆς τὴν φυσικὴν ἀνακινούσης ἔννοιαν, ἢ περὶ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἑπομένων τοῖς πρώτοις καὶ τῆς φυσικῆς ἀκολουθίας, καὶ δεῖ τῆς ἐπὶ τούτοις τάξεως, δεικνύντας τί τοῖς πρώτοις ἢ τοῖς προτεταγμένοις ἀκολουθεῖ κατ᾿ ἀλήθειαν, ἐπὶ τὸ μήτε τῆς ἀληθείας ἢ τῆς κατ᾿ αὐτὴν ἀσφαλείας ἀμελεῖν, μήτε τὰ τῇ φύσει τεταγμένα καὶ διωρισμένα συγχεῖν ἢ τὸν φυσικὸν εἱρμὸν διασπᾶν. Ὅθεν οἶμαι χρῆναι δίκαιον περὶ τῶν προκειμένων ἐσπουδακότας, καὶ κρίνειν ἐμφρόνως θέλοντας εἴτε γίνεται τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων σωμάτων ἀνάστασις εἴτε μή, πρῶτον μὲν ἐπισκοπεῖν καλῶς τῶν πρὸς τὴν τοῦδε δεῖξιν συντελούντων τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ ποίαν ἕκαστον εἴληχε χώραν, καὶ τί μὲν τούτων πρῶτον τί δὲ δεύτερον τί δὲ τρίτον τί δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις ὕστατον. Ταῦτα δὲ διαταξαμένους χρὴ πρώτην μὲν τάξαι τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων γενέσεως, τοῦτ᾿ ἔστι τὴν τοῦ δημιουργήσαντος γνώμην καθ᾿ ἣν ἐποίησεν ἄνθρωπον, ταύτῃ δὲ προσφυῶς ἐπισυνάψαι τὴν τῶν γενομένων ἀνθρώπων φύσιν, οὐχ ὡς τῇ τάξει δευτερεύουσαν, διὰ δὲ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι κατὰ ταὐτὸν ἀμφοτέρων γενέσθαι τὴν κρίσιν, κἂν ὅτι μάλιστα συνυπάρχωσιν ἀλλήλαις καὶ πρὸς τὸ προκείμενον τὴν ἴσην παρέχωνται δύναμιν. Διὰ δὲ τούτων, ὡς πρώτων καὶ τὴν ἐκ δημιουργίας ἐχόντων ἀρχήν, ἐναργῶς δεικνυμένης τῆς ἀναστάσεως, οὐδὲν ἧττον καὶ διὰ τῶν τῆς προνοίας λόγων ἔστι λαβεῖν τὴν περὶ ταύτης πίστιν, λέγω δὲ διὰ τῆς ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὀφειλομένης κατὰ δικαίαν κρίσιν τιμῆς ἢ δίκης καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον τέλους. Πολλοὶ γὰρ τὸν τῆς ἀναστάσεως λόγον διαλαμβάνοντες τῷ τρίτῳ μόνῳ τὴν πᾶσαν ἐπήρεισαν αἰτίαν, νομίσαντες τὴν αἰτίαν γίνεσθαι διὰ τὴν κρίσιν. Τοῦτο δὲ περιφανῶς δείκνυται ψεῦδος ἐκ τοῦ πάντας μὲν ἀνίστασθαι τοὺς ἀποθνήσκοντας ἀνθρώπους, μὴ πάντας δὲ κρίνεσθαι τοὺς ἀναστάντας· εἰ γὰρ μόνον τὸ κατὰ τὴν κρίσιν δίκαιον τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἦν αἴτιον, ἐχρῆν δήπου τοὺς μηδὲν ἡμαρτηκότας ἢ κατορθώσαντας μηδ᾿ ἀνίστασθαι, τοῦτ᾿ ἔστι τοὺς κομιδῆ νέους παῖδας· ἐξὸν δὲ πάντας ἀνίστασθαι, τούς τε ἄλλους καὶ δὴ καὶ τοὺς κατὰ τὴν πρώτην ἡλικίαν τελευτήσαντας, καὶ αὐτοὶ δικαιοῦσιν ὡς οὐ διὰ τὴν κρίσιν ἡ ἀνάστασις γίνεται κατὰ πρῶτον λόγον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν τοῦ δημιουργήσαντος γνώμην καὶ τὴν τῶν δημιουργηθέντων φύσιν.