Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 16
Barbarians are the discoverers not only of philosophy but of almost every art. The Egyptians, for instance, were the first to bring astrology to humankind, and the Chaldeans did the same. They also showed how to burn lamps, divided the year into twelve months, forbade women from having intercourse in temples, and legislated that no one who had lain with a woman could enter a temple without first being purified. The Egyptians discovered geometry as well. Some claim the Carians were the first to conceive knowledge of the stars; the Phrygians first observed the flights of birds, and the Tyrrhenians, neighbors of Italy, refined sacrificial divination. The Isaurians and Arabs worked on divination by birds, just as the Telmisseans did by dreams. The Tyrrhenians invented the trumpet, the Phrygians the aulos—for Olympus and Marsyas were Phrygians. Cadmus the Phoenician discovered letters for the Greeks, as Ephorus says; from this Herodotus writes that the letters are called Phoenician, though others say the Phoenicians and Syrians invented them first. Concerning medicine, they say Apis, an Egyptian native, practiced it before Io arrived in Egypt, and afterwards Asclepius developed the art. Atlas the Libyan first built a ship and sailed the sea. Celmis and Damnameneus, Idaean Dactyls, first found iron in Cyprus, and another Idaean, Delas, discovered the mixture of copper—Hesiod says a Scythian did. The Thracians first discovered the so-called harpe (a curved sword) and first used peltae on horseback; similarly, the Illyrians invented the parma. The Tuscans are said to have invented modeling, and Itanos the Saunite first constructed a shield. Cadmus the Phoenician discovered stoneworking and conceived the gold mines around Mount Pangaion. The Cappadocians first discovered the nabla, just as the Assyrians the dichord. The Carthaginians built the first quadrireme, and Bosporus constructed it without a model. Medea, daughter of Aeetes of Colchis, first conceived hair dye. The Noropes, a Paeonian nation now called Noricans, first worked copper and refined iron. Amycus, king of the Bebrycians, first discovered boxing gloves. In music, Olympus the Mysian developed the Lydian harmony; the Troglodytes discovered the sambuca, a musical instrument. They say the Phrygian Satyr found the plagal syrinx, and Agnis, also a Phrygian, the trichord and diatonic harmony. Olympus the Phrygian discovered the croumata, as did Marsyas from the same region the Phrygian, mixophrygian, and mixolydian harmonies. Thamyris the Thracian first conceived the Dorian harmony. We have heard the Persians first made the wagon, bed, and footstool, and the Sidonians first built the trireme. The Sicilians near Italy first discovered the phorminx (not far from the cithara) and invented crotala. They record that fine linen garments were discovered under the Egyptian queen Semiramis; Hellanicus says Atossa, queen of the Persians, first composed letters. Scamon of Mytilene, Theophrastus of Eresus, Cydippus of Mantinea, Antiphones, Aristodemus, Aristotle, Philostephanus, and Strato the Peripatetic recorded these things in their works on inventions. I have cited a few of their discoveries to demonstrate the inventive and beneficial character of barbarian culture, from which Greeks have profited in their pursuits. If anyone maligns the barbarian tongue, Anacharsis says to me, "All Greeks speak Scythian." He was the man admired among Greeks for saying his cloak was a sheepskin, his dinner milk, his dessert cheese. You see that barbarian philosophy promises deeds, not words. The apostle likewise says: "If you do not speak intelligible words with your tongue, how will what is spoken be known? For you will be speaking into the air" (1 Corinthians 14:9). There are so many kinds of voices in the world, and none is without sound; if I do not know the force of a voice, I shall be a barbarian to the speaker and the speaker a barbarian to me. Let the one who speaks in a tongue pray that he may interpret. The teaching of discourse and writing came to the Greeks late. Alcmaeon son of Perithous of Croton first wrote a treatise on nature; they say Anaxagoras son of Hegesibulus of Clazomenae first published a book in writing. Terpander of Antissa first set poems to melody and put the Spartan laws into song; Lasus of Hermione invented the dithyramb; Stesichorus of Himera the hymn; Alcman of Sparta choral song; Anacreon of Teos erotic song. Pindar of Thebes first composed a nomos; Timotheus of Miletus first sang a nomos with chorus and cithara. Archilochus of Paros invented the iambic, Hipponax of Ephesus the limping iambic; Thespis of Athens tragedy; Susarion of Icaria comedy. Grammarians' pupils hand down the dates of these men, but to list them accurately would be long—especially since Dionysus, through whom the Dionysian festivals arose, is later than Moses. Some say Phanotea wife of Icarus discovered the hexameter; others say Themis, one of the Titanides. Didymus, in his work on Pythagorean philosophy, records that Theano of Croton was the first woman to philosophize and write poems. Greek philosophy, as some hold, follows truth but only in part and dimly; others say it derives its impulse from the devil; some suppose certain inspired powers gave rise to all philosophy. Yet even if Greek philosophy does not grasp the full magnitude of truth and still fails in keeping the Lord's commandments, it nevertheless prepares the way for the most royal teaching, in some measure making men sober, shaping their character, and fitting them to receive the truth—those who glorify providence.
Greek
Οὐ μόνης δὲ φιλοσοφίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάσης σχεδὸν τέχνης εὑρεταὶ βάρβαροι. Αἰγύπτιοι γοῦν πρῶτοι ἀστρολογίαν εἰς ἀνθρώπους ἐξήνεγκαν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Χαλδαῖοι. Αἰγύπτιοι λύχνους τε αὖ καίειν πρῶτοι κατέδειξαν καὶ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν εἰς δώδεκα μῆνας διεῖλον καὶ ἐν ἱεροῖς μίσγεσθαι γυναιξὶν ἐκώλυσαν μηδ’ εἰς ἱερὰ εἰσιέναι ἀπὸ γυναικὸς ἀλούτους ἐνομοθέτησαν γεωμετρίας τε αὖ εὑρεταὶ οἱ αὐτοὶ γεγόνασιν. εἰσὶν δὲ οἳ Κᾶρας οἳ τὴν δἰ ἀστέρων πρόγνωσιν ἐπινενοηκέναι λέγουσιν. πτήσεις δὲ ὀρνίθων παρεφυλάξαντο πρῶτοι Φρύγες, καὶ θυτικὴν ἠκρίβωσαν Τοῦσκοι, Ἰταλίας γείτονες. Ἴσαυροι δὲ καὶ Ἄραβες ἐξεπόνησαν τὴν οἰωνιστικήν, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει Τελμισεῖς τὴν δἰ ὀνείρων μαντικήν. Τυρρηνοὶ δὲ σάλπιγγα ἐπενόησαν καὶ Φρύγες αὐλόν· Φρύγες γὰρ ἤστην Ὄλυμπός τε καὶ Μαρσύας. Κάδμος δὲ Φοῖνιξ ἦν ὁ τῶν γραμμάτων Ἕλλησιν εὑρετής, ὥς φησιν Ἔφορος, ὅθεν καὶ Φοινικήια τὰ γράμματα Ἡρόδοτος κεκλῆσθαι γράφει· οἳ δὲ Φοίνικας καὶ Σύρους γράμματα ἐπινοῆσαι πρώτους λέγουσιν. ἰατρικὴν δὲ Ἆπιν Αἰγύπτιον αὐτόχθονα πρὶν εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀφικέσθαι τὴν Ἰώ, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἀσκληπιὸν τὴν τέχνην αὐξῆσαι λέγουσιν. Ἄτλας δὲ ὁ Λίβυς πρῶτος ναῦν ἐναυπηγήσατο καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν ἔπλευσεν. Κέλμις τε αὖ καὶ Δαμναμενεὺς οἱ τῶν Ἰδαίων δάκτυλοι πρῶτοι σίδηρον εὗρον ἐν Κύπρῳ, Δέλας δὲ ἄλλος Ἰδαῖος εὗρε χαλκοῦ κρᾶσιν, ὡς δὲ Ἡσίοδος, Σκύθης. ναὶ μὴν Θρᾷκες πρῶτοι τὴν καλουμένην ἅρπην εὗρον (ἔστι δὲ μάχαιρα καρπύλη) καὶ πρῶτοι πέλταις ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ἐχρήσαντο. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ἰλλυριοὶ τὴν καλουμένην πάρμην ἐξεῦρον. ἔτι φασὶ Τουσκανοὺς πλαστικὴν ἐπινοῆσαι, Ἴτανόν τε ̔Σαυνίτης οὗτος ἦν’ πρῶτον θυρεὸν κατασκευάσαι. Κάδμος γὰρ ὁ Φοῖνιξ λιθοτομίαν ἐξεῦρεν καὶ μέταλλα χρυσοῦ τὰ περὶ τὸ Πάγγαιον ἐπενόησεν ὄρος. ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἄλλο ἔθνος Καππάδοκες πρῶτοι εὗρον τὸν νάβλαν καλούμενον, ὅν τρόπον καὶ τὸ δίχορδον Ἀσσύριοι. Καρχηδόνιοι γὰρ πρῶτοι τετρήρη κατεσκεύασαν, ἐναυπήγησε δὲ αὐτὴν Βόσπορος αὐτοσχέδιον. Μήδειά τε ἡ Αἰήτου ἡ Κολχὶς πρώτη βαφὴν τριχῶν ἐπενόησεν. ἀλλὰ καὶ Νώροπες (ἔθνος ἐστὶ Παιονικόν, νῦν δὲ Νωρικὸν καλοῦνται) κατειργάσαντο χαλκὸν καὶ σίδηρον ἐκάθηραν πρῶτοι. Ἄμυκός τε ὁ Βεβρύκων βασιλεὺς ἱμάντας πυκτικοὺς πρῶτος εὗρεν. περί τε μουσικὴν Ὄλυμπος ὁ Μυσὸς τὴν Λύδιον ἁρμονίαν ἐφιλοτέχνησεν· οἵ τε Τρωγλοδύται καλούμενοι σαμβύκην εὗρον, ὄργανον μουσικόν. φασὶ δὲ καὶ τὴν πλαγίαν σύριγγα Σάτυρον εὑρεῖν τὸν Φρύγα· τρίχορδον δὲ ὁμοίως καὶ τὴν διάτονον ἁρμονίαν Ἄγνιν τὸν καὶ αὐτὸν Φρύγα· κρούματα δὲ Ὄλυμπον ὁμοίως τὸν Φρύγα, καθάπερ Φρύγιον ἁρμονίαν καὶ μιξοφρύγιον καὶ μιξολύδιον Μαρσύαν, τῆς αὐτῆς ὄντα τοῖς προειρημένοις χώρας, καὶ τὴν Δώριον Θάμυριν ἐπινοῆσαι τὸν Θρᾷκα. Πέρσας τε πρώτους ἀκηκόαμεν ἀπήνην καὶ κλίνην καὶ ὑποπόδιον ἐργάσασθαι τούς τε Σιδονίους τρίκροτον ναῦν κατασκευάσαι. Σικελοί τε οἱ πρὸς τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ πρῶτοι φόρμιγγα εὗρον οὐ πολὺ τῆς κιθάρας λειπομένην καὶ κρόταλα ἐπενόησαν. ἐπί τε † Σεμιράμεως βασιλέως Αἰγυπτίων τὰ βύσσινα ἱμάτια εὑρῆσθαι ἱστοροῦσιν. καὶ πρώτην ἐπιστολὰς συντάξαι Ἄτοσσαν τὴν Περσῶν βασιλεύσασάν φησιν Ἑλλάνικος. Σκάμων μὲν οὖν ὁ Μιτυληναῖος καὶ Θεόφραστος ὁ Ἐρέσιος Κύδιππός τε ὁ Μαντινεύς, ἔτι τε Ἀντιφάνης καὶ Ἀριστόδημος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης, πρὸς τούτοις δὲ Φιλοστέφανος, ἀλλὰ καὶ Στράτων ὁ περιπατητικὸς ἐν τοῖς Περὶ εὑρημάτων ταῦτα ἱστόρησαν. παρεθέμην δὲ αὐτῶν ὀλίγα εἰς σύστασιν τῆς παρὰ βαρβάροις εὑρετικῆς καὶ βιωφελοῦς φύσεως, παρ’ ὧν Ἕλληνες τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ὠφέληνται. Εἰ δέ τις τὴν φωνὴν διαβάλλει τὴν βάρβαρον, ἐμοὶ δέ, φησὶν ὁ Ἀνάχαρσις, πάντες Ἕλληνες σκυθίζουσιν. οὗτος ἦν ὁ παρ’ Ἕλλησι θαυμασθεὶς ὁ φήσας ἐμοὶ περίβλημα χλαῖνα, δεῖπνον γάλα, τυρός. ὁρᾷς φιλοσοφίαν βάρβαρον ἔργα ἐπαγγελλομένην, οὐ λόγους. ὁ δὲ ἀπόστολος οὕτω φησὶν καὶ ὑμεῖς διὰ τῆς γλώσσης ἐὰν μὴ εὔσημον λόγον δῶτε, πῶς γνωσθήσεται τὸ λαλούμενον; ἔσεσθε γὰρ εἰς ἀέρα λαλοῦντες. τοσαῦτα, εἰ τύχοι, γένη φωνῶν εἰσιν ἐν κόσμῳ, καὶ οὐδὲν ἄφωνον· ἐὰν οὖν μὴ εἰδῶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς φωνῆς, ἔσομαι τῷ λαλοῦντι βάρβαρος καὶ ὁ λαλῶν ἐμοὶ βάρβαρος. καὶ ὁ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ προσευχέσθω, ἵνα διερμηνεύῃ. Ναὶ μὴν ὀψέ ποτε εἰς Ἕλληνας ἡ τῶν λόγων παρῆλθε διδασκαλία τε καὶ γραφή. Ἀλκμαίων γοῦν Περίθου Κροτωνιάτης πρῶτος φυσικὸν λόγον συνέταξεν. οἳ δὲ Ἀναξαγόραν Ἡγησιβούλου Κλαζομένιον πρῶτον διὰ γραφῆς ἐκδοῦναι βιβλίον ἱστοροῦσιν. μέλος τε αὖ πρῶτος περιέθηκε τοῖς ποιήμασι καὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίων νόμους ἐμελοποίησε Τέρπανδρος ὁ Ἀντισσαῖος, διθύραμβον δὲ ἐπενόησεν Λᾶσος Ἑρμιονεύς, ὕμνον Στησίχορος Ἱμεραῖος, χορείαν Ἀλκμὰν Λακεδαιμόνιος, τὰ ἐρωτικὰ Ἀνακρέων Τήιος. ὑπόρχησιν Πίνδαρος Θηβαῖος νόμους τε πρῶτος ᾖσεν ἐν χορῷ καὶ κιθάρᾳ Τιμόθεος ὁ Μιλήσιος. ναὶ μὴν ἴαμβον μὲν ἐπενόησεν Ἀρχίλοχος ὁ Πάριος, χωλὸν δὲ ἴαμβον Ἱππῶναξ ὁ Ἐφέσιος, καὶ τραγῳδίαν μὲν Θέσπις ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, κωμῳδίαν δὲ Σουσαρίων ὁ Ἰκαριεύς. τοὺς χρόνους τούτων παῖδες παραδιδόασι γραμματικῶν, μακρὸν δ’ ἂν εἴη τούτους ἀκριβολογούμενον παραθέσθαι αὐτοῦ δεικνυμένου τοῦ Διονύσου, δἰ ὃν καὶ Διονυσιακαὶ θέαι, μεταγενεστέρου Μωυσέως ἢ αὐτίκα μάλα. φασὶ δὲ καὶ τοὺς κατὰ διατριβὴν λόγους καὶ τὰ ῥητορικὰ ἰδιώματα εὑρεῖν καὶ μισθοῦ συνηγορῆσαι πρῶτον δικανικὸν λόγου εἰς ἔκδοσιν γραψάμενον Ἀντιφῶντα Σωφίλον Ῥαμνούσιον, ὥς φησι Διόδωρος, Ἀπολλόδωρος δὲ ὁ Κυμαῖος πρῶτος τοῦ γραμματικοῦ ἀντὶ τοῦ κριτικοῦ εἰσηγήσατο τοὔνομα καὶ γραμματικὸς προσηγορεύθη, ἔνιοι δὲ Ἐρατοσθένη τὸν Κυρηναῖόν φασιν, ἐπειδὴ ἐξέδωκεν οὗτος βιβλία δύο γραμματικὰ ἐπιγράψας. ὠνομάσθη δὲ γραμματικός, ὡς νῦν ὀνομάζομεν, πρῶτος Πραξιφάνης Διονυσοφάνους Μιτυληναῖος. Ζάλευκός τε ὁ Λοκρὸς πρῶτος ἱστόρηται νόμους θέσθαι, οἳ δὲ Μίνω τὸν Διὸς ἐπὶ Λυγκέως. οὗτος μετὰ Δαναὸν γίνεται ἑνδεκάτῃ ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ Ἰνάχου καὶ Μωσέως γενεᾷ, ὡς ὀλίγον ὑποβάντες δείξομεν. Λυκοῦργος δὲ μετὰ πολλὰ τῆς Ἰλίου ἁλώσεως γεγονὼς ἔτη πρὸ τῶν ὀλυμπιάδων ἔτεσιν ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα νομοθετεῖ Λακεδαιμονίοις· Σόλωνος γὰρ τοὺς χρόνους προειρήκαμεν. Δράκων δὲ ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς νομοθέτης περὶ τὴν τριακοστὴν καὶ ἐνάτην ὀλυμπιάδα γεγονὼς εὑρίσκεται. Ἀντίλοχος δὲ αὖ ὁ τοὺς ἵστορας πραγματευσάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Πυθαγόρου ἡλικίας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἐπικούρου τελευτήν, γαμηλιῶνος δὲ δεκάτῃ ἱσταμένου γενομένην. ἔτη φέρει τὰ πάντα τριακόσια δώδεκα. ἔτι φασὶ τὸ ἡρῷον τὸ ἑξάμετρον Φανοθέαν τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰκαρίου, οἳ δὲ Θέμιν μίαν τῶν Τιτανίδων εὑρεῖν. Δίδυμος δ’ ἐν τῷ περὶ Πυθαγορικῆς φιλοσοφίας Θεανὼ τὴν Κροτωνιᾶτιν πρώτην γυναικῶν φιλοσοφῆσαι καὶ ποιήματα γράψαι ἱστορεῖ. Ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἑλληνικὴ φιλοσοφία, ὡς μέν τινες, κατὰ περίπτωσιν ἐπήβολος τῆς ἀληθείας ἁμῇ γέ πῃ, ἀμυδρῶς δὲ καὶ οὐ πάσης, γίνεται· ὡς δὲ ἄλλοι βούλονται, ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου τὴν κίνησιν ἴσχει. ἔνιοι δὲ δυνάμεις τινὰς ὑποβεβηκυίας ἐμπνεῦσαι τὴν πᾶσαν φιλοσοφίαν ὑπειλήφασιν. ἀλλ’ εἰ καὶ μὴ καταλαμβάνει ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ φιλοσοφία τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀληθείας, ἔτι δὲ ἐξασθενεῖ πράττειν τὰς κυριακὰς ἐντολάς, ἀλλ’ οὖν γε προκατασκευάζει τὴν ὁδὸν τῇ βασιλικωτάτῃ διδασκαλίᾳ, ἁμῇ γέ πῃ σωφρονίζουσα καὶ τὸ ἦθος προτυποῦσα καὶ προστύφουσα εἰς παραδοχὴν τῆς ἀληθείας τὸν τὴν πρόνοιαν δοξάζοντα.