The divine senses and the opened heavens
Even if the Jew, then, will not make a defence for Ezekiel and Isaiah when we place side by side the opening of the heavens for Jesus, with the voice he heard, and the like things we find recorded in Ezekiel and in Isaiah (Ezekiel 1:1; Isaiah 6:1–2) or in some other prophet, we at least will support our case as best we can. We say that, just as it is believed that many have had visions in dreams, some of more divine things, others telling of future events of this life, whether clearly or in riddles, and this is plain to all who accept providence, so what is absurd in holding that what forms impressions on the ruling mind in a dream can form them on it while awake as well, for the benefit of the one in whom they are formed, or of those who will hear of them from him? And just as in a dream we have the impression that we hear and that our bodily ear is struck, and that we see with our eyes, though neither the eyes of the body nor the hearing is being struck, but the ruling mind is undergoing these things, so there is nothing absurd in such things having happened to the prophets, when it is recorded that they saw certain quite extraordinary things, or heard words of the Lord, or beheld the heavens opening. For I do not suppose that the visible heaven was opened, and its body split apart as it opened, so that Ezekiel might record such a thing.
Perhaps, then, in the case of the Saviour too, whoever listens to the Gospels with understanding should take it in the same way, even if such a view offends the simpler sort, who in their great simplicity set the universe moving, splitting the vast, unified body of the whole heaven. But one who examines the matter more deeply will say this. There is, as Scripture has named it, a divine sense, general in kind, which only the blessed man finds even now, according to what is said in Solomon too: “You will find a divine sense” (Proverbs 2:5). This sense has its kinds: a sight naturally able to see things higher than bodies, among which the cherubim or the seraphim are shown (Ezekiel 10:1; Isaiah 6:2); a hearing that receives voices whose being is not in the air; a taste that feeds on living bread, which has come down from heaven and gives life to the world (John 6:33, 51); so too a smell that smells such things as Paul means when he speaks of being “the aroma of Christ to God” (2 Corinthians 2:15); and a touch, by which John says he has handled with his hands “the Word of life” (1 John 1:1). The blessed prophets found this divine sense. They saw in a divine way and heard in a divine way, and tasted and smelled in the same way, by a sense that, if I may so name it, is not of the senses; and they touched the Word with faith, so that an outflow from him came to them to heal them. In this way they saw what they record that they saw, and heard what they say they heard, and had the like experiences as they wrote of them, eating the “roll” of a book that was given to them (Ezekiel 2:9–3:3).
So too Isaac “smelled the smell of” his son's more divine “garments,” and spoke these words as a spiritual blessing: “See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a full field, which the Lord has blessed” (Genesis 27:27). In a like way, Jesus “touched” the leper (Matthew 8:3) with a touch of the mind rather than of the senses, to cleanse him, as I think, in two ways: he freed him not only, as most people take it, from bodily leprosy by a bodily touch, but also from the other leprosy by his truly divine touch.
It was in this way, then, that “John bore witness, saying: ‘I have seen the Spirit descending as a dove from heaven, and it remained on him. And I did not know him; but he who sent me to baptize in water said to me, “He on whom you see the Spirit descending and remaining on him, this is the one who baptizes in the Holy Spirit.” And I have seen, and have borne witness that this is the Son of God’” (John 1:32–34). And for Jesus the heavens were opened (Matthew 3:16), and at that time no one but John is recorded to have seen the heavens opened. But the Saviour, foretelling to his disciples that this opening of the heavens would come, and that they would see it, says: “Truly, truly, I say to you, you will see heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of Man” (John 1:51). And so Paul was caught up to the third heaven (2 Corinthians 12:2), having first seen it opened, since he was a disciple of Jesus. But to explain now why Paul says, “Whether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know; God knows” (2 Corinthians 12:2), does not belong to the present occasion.
Further, I will add to my argument the very point Celsus assumes: that Jesus himself told of the opening of the heavens and of the Holy Spirit that came down upon him in the form of a dove at the Jordan, although Scripture does not present him as saying that he saw this. This most noble man did not see that it does not fit the one who said to his disciples about the vision on the mountain, “Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man has risen from the dead” (Matthew 17:9), to have told his disciples what John saw and heard at the Jordan. One may see this also in the character of Jesus, who everywhere avoided speaking about himself and for that reason said, “Even if I speak about myself, my testimony is not true” (John 5:31). And since he avoided speaking about himself, and wished to show that he was the Christ by his deeds rather than by his words, for this reason the Jews say to him, “If you are the Christ, tell us plainly” (John 10:24).
But since it is a Jew in Celsus who says to Jesus, about the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, “Except that you say so, and bring forward one of those who were punished with you,” we must show Celsus that this too he has not fittingly attributed to the Jewish character. For the Jews do not link John with Jesus, nor John's punishment with the punishment of Jesus. In this too, then, the man who boasted that he knew everything stands convicted, for he did not know what words to give the Jewish character in addressing Jesus.
Greek
Εἰ καὶ μὴ ἀπολογήσεται οὖν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος περὶ Ἰεζεκιὴλ καὶ Ἡσαΐου, κοινοποιούντων ἡμῶν τὰ περὶ τῆς ἀνοίξεως τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπὶ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀκουσθείσης αὐτῷ φωνῆς καὶ τὰ ὅμοια εὑρισκόντων ἐν τῷ Ἰεζεκιὴλ ἀναγεγραμμένα καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἡσαΐᾳ ἢ καί τινι ἄλλῳ προφήτῃ. ἡμεῖς γε τὸν λόγον ὅση δύναμις ἡμῖν παραστήσομεν λέγοντες ὅτι, ὥσπερ ὄναρ πεπίστευται πολλοὺς πεφαντασι ῶσθαι τινὰ μὲν θειότερα τινὰ δὲ περὶ μελλόντων βιωτικῶν ἀναγγέλλοντα εἴτε σαφῶς εἴτε καὶ δι᾿ αἰνιγμάτων, καὶ τοῦτ᾿ ἐναργές ἐστι παρὰ πᾶσι τοῖς παραδεξαμένοις πρόνοιαν, οὕτως τί ἄτοπον τὸ τυποῦν τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν ἐν ὀνείρῳ δύνασθαι αὐτὸ τυποῦν καὶ ὕπαρ πρὸς τὸ χρήσιμον τῷ ἐν ᾧ τυποῦται ἢ τοῖς παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἀκουσομένοις; καὶ ὥσπερ φαντασίαν λαμβάνομεν ὄναρ ἀκούειν καὶ πλήσσεσθαι τὴν αἰσθητὴν ἀκοὴν καὶ ὁρᾶν δι᾿ ὀφθαλμῶν, οὔτε τῶν τοῦ σώματος ὀφθαλμῶν οὔτε τῆς ἀκοῆς πλησσομένης ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ ταῦτα πάσχοντος, οὕτως οὐδὲν ἄτοπον τοιαῦτα γεγονέναι ἐπὶ τῶν προφητῶν, ὅτε ἀναγέγραπται ἑωρακέναι τινὰ αὐτοὺς παραδοξότερα ἢ ἀκηκοέναι λόγους κυρίου ἢ τεθεωρηκέναι οὐρανοὺς ἀνοιγομένους. ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ ὑπολαμβάνω τὸν αἰσθητὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῷχθαι καὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ ἀνοιγνύμενον διῃρῆσθαι, ἵνα ἀναγράψῃ τὸ τοιοῦτον Ἰεζεκιήλ. μή ποτ᾿ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ σωτῆρος τὸν φρονίμως ἀκούοντα τῶν εὐαγγελίων τὸ ὅμοιον ἐκδεκτέον, κἂν προσκόπτῃ τὸ τοιοῦτον τοῖς ἁπλουστέροις, οἳ διὰ πολλὴν ἁπλότητα κινοῦσι τὸν κόσμον, σχίζοντες τὸ τηλικοῦτον σῶμα ἡνωμένον τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ. ὁ δὲ βαθύτερον τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐξετάζων ἐρεῖ ὅτι οὔσης, ὡς ἡ γραφὴ ὠνόμασε, θείας τινὸς γενικῆς αἰσθήσεως, ἣν μόνος ὁ μακάριος εὑρίσκει ἤδη κατὰ τὸ λεγόμενον καὶ παρὰ τῷ Σολομῶντι· „ὅτι αἴσθησιν θείαν εὑρήσεις,“ καὶ ὄντων εἰδῶν ταύτης τῆς αἰσθήσεως, ὁράσεως πεφυκυίας βλέπειν τὰ κρείττονα σωμάτων πράγματα, ἐν οἷς δηλοῦται τὰ χερουβὶμ ἢ τὰ σεραφὶμ, καὶ ἀκοῆς ἀντιληπτικῆς φωνῶν οὐχὶ ἐν ἀέρι τὴν οὐσίαν ἐχουσῶν, καὶ γεύσεως χρωμένης ἄρτῳ ζῶντι καὶ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καταβεβηκότι καὶ ζωὴν διδόντι τῷ κόσμῳ, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὀσφρήσεως ὀσφραινομένης τοιῶνδε, καθὸ „Χριστοῦ εὐωδία“ λέγει εἶναι „τῷ θεῷ“ Παῦλος, καὶ ἁφῆς, καθ᾿ ἣν Ἰωάννης φησὶ ταῖς χερσὶν ἐψηλαφηκέναι „περὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς“· οἱ μακάριοι προφῆται τὴν θείαν αἴσθησιν εὑρόντες καὶ βλέποντες θείως καὶ ἀκούοντες θείως καὶ γευόμενοι ὁμοίως καὶ ὀσφραινόμενοι, ἵν᾿ οὕτως ὀνομάσω, αἰσθήσει οὐκ αἰσθητῇ καὶ ἁπτόμενοι τοῦ λόγου μετὰ πίστεως, ὥστ᾿ ἀποῤῥοὴν αὐτοῦ ἥκειν εἰς αὐτοὺς θεραπεύσουσαν αὐτοὺς, οὕτως ἑώρων ἃ ἀναγράφουσιν ἑωρακέναι καὶ ἤκουον ἃ λέγουσιν ἀκηκοέναι καὶ τὰ παραπλήσια ἔπασχον, ὡς ἀνέγραφον, ἐσθίοντες „κεφαλίδα“ διδομένην αὐτοῖς βιβλίου. οὕτω δὲ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ „ὠσφράνθη τῆς ὀσμῆς τῶν“ τοῦ υἱοῦ θειοτέρων „ἱματίων“ καὶ ἐπεῖπε πνευματικῇ εὐλογίᾳ τό· „ἰδοὺ ὀσμὴ τοῦ υἱοῦ μου ὡς ὀσμὴ ἀγροῦ πλήρους, ὃν εὐλόγησεν ὁ κύριος.“ παραπλησίως δὲ τούτοις καὶ νοητῶς μᾶλλον ἢ αἰσθητῶς Ἰησοῦς „ηψατο“ τοῦ λεπροῦ, ἵν᾿ αὐτὸν καθαρίσῃ, ὡς ἐγὼ οἶμαι, διχῶς, ἀπαλλάττων αὐτὸν οὐ μόνον, ὡς οἱ πολλοὶ ἀκούουσι, λέπρας αἰσθητῆς δι᾿ αἰσθητῆς ἁφῆς ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἄλλης διὰ τῆς ὡς ἀληθῶς θείας αὐτοῦ ἁφῆς, οὕτως οὖν „ἐμαρτύρησεν Ἰωάννης λέγων ὅτι τεθέαμαι τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον ὡς περιστερὰν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἔμεινεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν. κἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτὸν, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν· ἐφ᾿ ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ, κἀγὼ ἑώρακα, καὶ μεμαρτύρηκα ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ.“ καὶ τῷ Ἰησοῦ γε ἠνοίχθησαν οἱ οὐρανοί· καὶ τότε μὲν πλὴν Ἰωάννου οὐδεὶς ἀναγέγραπται ἑωρακέναι ἀνοιχθέντας τοὺς οὐρανούς. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἀνοιχθῆναι τοὺς οὐρανοὺς προλέγων τοῖς μαθηταῖς ὁ σωτὴρ ἐσόμενον ὀψομένοις αὐτό φησιν· „ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὄψεσθε τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγότα καὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους τοῦ θεοῦ ἀναβαίνοντας καὶ καταβαίνοντας ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.“ καὶ οὕτως Παῦλος ἡρπάγη εἰς τρίτον οὐρανὸν, πρότερον ἰδὼν αὐτὸν ἀνοιχθέντα, ἐπεὶ μαθητὴς ἦν Ἰησοῦ. διηγήσασθαι δὲ νῦν, διὰ τί ὁ Παῦλος λέγει τό· „εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ θεὸς οἶδεν,“ οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἐστὶ καιροῦ. ἔτι δὲ προσθήσω τῷ λόγῳ καὶ αὐτὰ, ἃ οἴεται ὁ Κέλσος, ὅτι αὐτὸς Ἰησοῦς εἶπε τὰ περὶ τὴν ἄνοιξιν τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ τὸ καταβὰν πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν (ἐν) εἴδει περιστερᾶς παρὰ τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ· τῆς γραφῆς τοῦτο οὐ παραστησάσης, ὅτι αὐτὸς εἶπε τοῦτο ἑωρακέναι. οὐ συνεῖδε δ᾿ ὁ γενναιότατος ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι κατὰ τὸν εἰπόντα τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἐπὶ τῇ ἐν τῷ ὄρει ὀπτασίᾳ· „μηδενὶ εἴπητε τὸ ὅραμα, ἕως ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῇ,“ εἰρηκέναι τοῖς μαθηταῖς τὸ παρὰ τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ ὀφθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰωάννου καὶ ἀκουσθέν, ἐνιδεῖν δὲ ἔστι καὶ τῷ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἤθει πανταχοῦ περιϊσταμένου τὴν περιαυτολογίαν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο λέγοντος „κἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, ἡ μαρτυρία μου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθής.“ καὶ ἐπὶ περιΐστατο τὴν περιαυτολογίαν καὶ τοῖς ἔργοις μᾶλλον ἐβούλετο δηλοῦν εἶναι Χριστὸς ἤπερ τῇ λέξει, διὰ τοῦτό φασιν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι πρὸς αὐτόν· „εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς, εἰπὲ ἡμῖν παῤῥησίᾳ.“ ἐπεὶ δὲ Ἰουδαῖός ἐστιν ὁ παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ λέγων τῷ Ἰησοῦ περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐν εἴδει περιστρᾶς τό· πλὴν ὅτι σὺ φῂς καί τινα ἕνα ἐπάγῃ τῶν μετὰ σοῦ κεκολασμένων, ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ παραστῆσαι ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ οἰκείως τῷ Ἰουδαϊκῷ προσώπῳ περιέθηκεν. οὐδὲ γὰρ συνάπτουσι τὸν Ἰωάννην οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τὴν Ἰωάννου τῇ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ κολάσει. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ οὖν ἐλέγχεται ὁ πάντ᾿ ἀλαζονευσάμενος εἰδέναι μὴ ἐγνωκὼς, τίνα προσάψῃ ῥήματα τῷ Ἰουδαϊκῷ πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν προσώπῳ.