On the Resurrection of the Dead · §8 · Athenagoras

What is against nature cannot become food or be united to a body

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Athenagoras is answering the objection that human bodies eaten by other humans or animals could be blended with those bodies, by arguing that what is against nature can never become true food or be united to a body.

And why should I speak of bodies that have been allotted to no animal as food, but have received burial in the earth alone as their portion, in honor of nature? For the Maker has not allotted to any animal another animal of the same kind as food, even if among some of the different kinds one becomes food according to nature. If, then, they can show that human flesh has been allotted to humans for eating, nothing will prevent mutual eating from being according to nature, just like any other thing permitted by nature—and nothing will prevent those who dare to say such things from feasting on the bodies of their dearest ones as more fitting food, or even from feasting their closest friends with these very things. But if it is not even lawful to say this, and if for humans to share in human flesh is something most hateful, utterly defiled, and more accursed than every unlawful and unnatural eating or act, and if what is contrary to nature could never pass into food for the parts and members that need it, and if what does not pass into food could never be united to those things it is not naturally able to nourish, then neither could the bodies of humans ever be blended with bodies like them, for which they are food contrary to nature—even if through some most bitter misfortune they often pass through the stomach of these. Departing from the nourishing power and being scattered again toward those things from which they had their first composition, they are united to them for whatever time each happens to last. But when they are separated from there again, by the wisdom and power of the One who blended every animal nature with its proper powers, each is united fittingly to each—whether burned by fire, rotted away by water, consumed by beasts or by whatever animals happen upon them, or a part cut off from the whole body and dissolved before the other parts. And when they are united again to one another, they hold the same place for the harmony and composition of the same body, and for the resurrection and life of the one who has died or been completely dissolved. It is not the right time to prolong these matters further, for the judgment is agreed upon—at least by those who are not half-beasts.

Greek

Καὶ τί δεῖ λέγειν περὶ τῶν μηδενὶ ζώῳ πρὸς τροφὴν ἀποκληρωθέντων σωμάτων, μόνην δὲ τὴν εἰς γῆν γῆν ταφὴν ἐπὶ τιμῇ τῆς φύσεως μεμοιραμένων, ὅπου γε μηδ᾿ ἄλλο τι τῶν ζώων τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἴδους εἰς τροφὴν ἀπεκλήρωσεν ὁ ποιήσας, κἂν ἐν ἄλλοις τισὶ τῶν ἑτερογενῶν τροφὴ γίνηται κατὰ φύσιν; Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἔχουσι δεικνύναι σάρκας ἀνθρώπων ἀνθρώποις εἰς βρῶσιν ἀποκληρωθείσας, οὐδὲν κωλύσει τὰς ἀλληλοφαγίας εἶναι κατὰ φύσιν, ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι τῶν τῇ φύσει συγκεχωρημένων, καὶ τούς γε τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγειν τολμῶντας τοῖς τῶν φιλτάτων ἐντρυφᾶν σώμασιν, ὡς οἰκειοτέροις, ἢ καὶ τοὺς εὐνουστάτους σφίσι τούτοις αὐτοῖς ἑστιᾶν. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μὲν οὐδ᾿ εἰπεῖν εὐαγές, τὸ δὲ σαρκῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀνθρώπους μετασχεῖν ἔχθιστόν τι καὶ παμμίαρον καὶ πάσης ἐκθέσμου καὶ παρὰ φύσιν βρώσεως ἢ πράξεως ἐναγέστερον, τὸ δὲ παρὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἄν ποτε χωρήσειεν εἰς τροφὴν τοῖς ταύτης δεομένοις μέρεσι καὶ μορίοις, τὸ δὲ μὴ χωροῦν εἰς τροφὴν οὐκ ἂν ἑνωθείη τούτοις ἃ μηδὲ τρέφειν πέφυκεν, οὐδὲ τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων σώματα συγκριθείη ποτ᾿ ἂν τοῖς ὁμοίοις σώμασιν, οἷς ἐστιν εἰς τροφὴν παρὰ φύσιν, κἂν πολλάκις διὰ τῆς τούτων ἴῃ γαστρὸς κατά τινα πικροτάτην συμφοράν· ἀποχωροῦντα δὲ τῆς θρεπτικῆς δυνάμεως, καὶ σκιδνάμενα πρὸς ἐκεῖνα πάλιν ἐξ ὧν τὴν πρώτην ἔσχε σύστασιν, ἑνοῦται μὲν τούτοις ἐφ᾿ ὅσον ἂν ἕκαστον τύχῃ χρόνον· ἐκεῖθεν δὲ διακριθέντα πάλιν σοφίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει τοῦ πᾶσαν ζώου φύσιν σὺν ταῖς οἰκείαις δυνάμεσι συγκρίναντος ἑνοῦται προσφυῶς ἕκαστον ἑκάστῳ, κἂν πυρὶ καυθῇ, κἂν ὕδατι κατασαπῇ, κἂν ὑπὸ θηρίων ἢ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων ζώων καταδαπανηθῇ, κἂν τοῦ παντὸς σώματος ἐκκοπὲν προδιαλυθῇ τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν· ἑνωθέντα δὲ πάλιν ἀλλήλοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἴσχει χώραν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ αὐτοῦ σώματος ἁρμονίαν τε καὶ σύστασιν καὶ τὴν τοῦ νεκρωθέντος ἢ καὶ πάντη διαλυθέντος ἀνάστασιν καὶ ζωήν. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ πλεῖον μηκύνειν οὐκ εὔκαιρον· ὁμολογουμένην γὰρ ἔχει τὴν ἐπίκρισιν, τοῖς γε μὴ μιξοθήροις.

About this text

Athenagoras argues that God can raise the dead, and that the rising of the body fits God's purpose, human nature, and justice.

Athenagoras (fl. c. 177) was an Athenian philosopher who converted to Christianity and wrote in Greek as a Christian apologist. This treatise is addressed to those who disbelieve or doubt the resurrection of the dead, urging them to examine the question rationally rather than by idle speculation. He wrote to show that bodily resurrection is both possible for God and consistent with God's purpose, human nature, and divine justice.

The work answers pagan philosophers and other critics who claimed that resurrection was impossible or contrary to God's will. Athenagoras first argues that disbelief is unreasonable unless critics can prove resurrection impossible or unwilled by God. He then shows that God's knowledge and power make resurrection possible, and that apparent difficulties such as bodies eaten by animals do not prevent it, because only what is truly proper food can be united to a body.

A reader will meet the critics who raise objections, including the mythological figure Thyestes as an example of cannibalism, and an unnamed apostle quoted as saying that the corruptible must put on incorruptibility. Athenagoras argues from God's purpose in creating humans, from human nature as a compound of soul and body, and from divine justice, which requires that the whole human being receive reward or punishment. The apostle quoted is Paul, and the saying about the corruptible putting on incorruptibility comes from 1 Corinthians 15:54.

New English from the Greek base text; no published English used as wording.

Printed text used

Translated from Athenagorae Philosophi Atheniensis Opera Athenagoras Johann Karl Theodor von Otto Mauke Jena 1857 (Greek)

This work has not yet been re-checked against its source. This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.