On the Resurrection of the Dead · §5 · Athenagoras

God's power and the natural limits of food

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Athenagoras is answering critics who say resurrection is impossible because bodies eaten by other people or animals become part of the eater's body.

It seems to me that such people are, first of all, ignorant of the power and wisdom of the one who created and governs this whole universe. He fitted to each animal's nature and kind the food proper and suitable to it. He did not ordain that every nature should proceed to union or blending with every body, nor is he at a loss when it comes to separating what has been united. Instead, he permits each created thing's nature to do or undergo what it is naturally fitted for, while at other times he restrains it, and he allows or redirects everything he wills toward whatever end he wills.

Beyond these points, they have also failed to examine the power and nature of each thing that feeds or is fed. If they had, they would have known that not everything someone takes in under the pressure of external necessity becomes food proper to the animal. Some things, as soon as they come into contact with the folds of the stomach, are naturally destroyed, vomited up, passed through, or expelled in some other way, so that they do not endure even briefly the first and natural digestion, let alone the blending into the one being fed.

Likewise, not everything that has been digested and undergone the first change necessarily approaches the parts being nourished. Some things are separated out by the nutritive power in the stomach itself, while others are separated during the second change and the digestion that takes place in the liver, and they pass over to something else that has gone beyond the power of nourishing. And not all of the change that takes place in the liver itself proceeds to become food for humans; rather, it is separated into the waste products it is naturally fitted to produce.

Moreover, the food that remains in the very parts and members being nourished sometimes changes into something else, according to the dominance of what is in excess or superabundant, which is accustomed to corrupt in some way or turn toward itself whatever approaches it.

Greek

Ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκοῦσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι πρῶτον μὲν τὴν τοῦ δημιουργήσαντος καὶ διοικοῦντος τόδε τὸ πᾶν ἀγνοεῖν δύναμίν τε καὶ σοφίαν, ἑκάστου ζώου φύσει καὶ γένει τὴν προσφυῆ καὶ κατάλληλον συναρμόσαντος τροφήν, καὶ μήτε πᾶσαν φύσιν πρὸς ἕνωσιν ἢ κρᾶσιν παντὸς σώματος ἰέναι δικαιώσαντος μήτε πρὸς διάκρισιν τῶν ἑνωθέντων ἀπόρως ἔχοντος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ καθ᾿ ἕκαστον φύσει τῶν γενομένων τὸ δρᾶν ἢ πάσχειν ἃ πέφυκεν ἐπιτρέποντος, ἄλλοτε καὶ κωλύοντος, καὶ πᾶν ὃ βούλεται καὶ πρὸς ὃ βούλεται συγχωροῦντος ἢ μεταστρέφοντος· πρὸς δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις μηδὲ τὴν ἑκάστου τῶν τρεφόντων ἢ τρεφομένων ἐπεσκέφθαι δύναμίν τε καὶ φύσιν. Ἦ γὰρ ἂν ἔγνωσαν ὅτι μὴ πᾶν ὃ προσφέρεταί τις ὑπενδόσει τῆς ἔξωθεν ἀνάγκης, τοῦτο γίνεται τῷ ζώῳ τροφὴ προσφυής· ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἅμα τῷ προσομιλῆσαι τοῖς περιπτυσσομένοις τῆς κοιλίας μέρεσι φθείρεσθαι πέφυκεν, ἐμούμενα τε καὶ διαχωρούμενα καὶ τρόπον ἕτερον διαφορούμενα, ὡς μηδὲ κατὰ βραχὺ τὴν πρώτην καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ὑπομεῖναι πέψιν, ἤ που γε τὴν εἰς τὸ τρεφόμενον σύγκρασιν· ὡσπεροῦν οὐδὲ πᾶν τὸ πεφθὲν καὶ τὴν πρώτην δεξάμενον μεταβολὴν τοῖς τρεφομένοις μορίοις προσπελάζει πάντως, τινῶν μὲν κατ᾿ αὐτὴν τὴν γαστέρα τῆς θρεπτικῆς δυνάμεως ἀποκρινομένων, τῶν δὲ κατὰ τὴν δευτέραν μεταβολὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν ἥπατι γινομένην πέψιν διακρινομένων, καὶ πρὸς ἕτερόν τι μεταχωρούντων ὃ τὴν τοῦ τρέφειν ἐκβέβηκε δύναμιν· καὶ αὐτῆς γε τῆς ἐν ἥπατι γινομένης μεταβολῆς οὐ πάσης εἰς τροφὴν ἀνθρώποις χωρούσης, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς ἃ πέφυκε περιττώματα διακρινομένης· τῆς τε καταλειφθείσης τροφῆς ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐσθ᾿ ὅτε τοῖς τρεφομένοις μέρεσι καὶ μορίοις πρὸς ἕτερόν τι μεταβαλλούσης, κατὰ τὴν ἐπικράτειαν τοῦ πλεονάζοντος ἢ περιττεύοντος καὶ φθείρειν πως ἢ πρὸς ἑαυτὸ τρέπειν τὸ πλησιάσαν εἰωθότος.

About this text

Athenagoras argues that God can raise the dead, and that the rising of the body fits God's purpose, human nature, and justice.

Athenagoras (fl. c. 177) was an Athenian philosopher who converted to Christianity and wrote in Greek as a Christian apologist. This treatise is addressed to those who disbelieve or doubt the resurrection of the dead, urging them to examine the question rationally rather than by idle speculation. He wrote to show that bodily resurrection is both possible for God and consistent with God's purpose, human nature, and divine justice.

The work answers pagan philosophers and other critics who claimed that resurrection was impossible or contrary to God's will. Athenagoras first argues that disbelief is unreasonable unless critics can prove resurrection impossible or unwilled by God. He then shows that God's knowledge and power make resurrection possible, and that apparent difficulties such as bodies eaten by animals do not prevent it, because only what is truly proper food can be united to a body.

A reader will meet the critics who raise objections, including the mythological figure Thyestes as an example of cannibalism, and an unnamed apostle quoted as saying that the corruptible must put on incorruptibility. Athenagoras argues from God's purpose in creating humans, from human nature as a compound of soul and body, and from divine justice, which requires that the whole human being receive reward or punishment. The apostle quoted is Paul, and the saying about the corruptible putting on incorruptibility comes from 1 Corinthians 15:54.

New English from the Greek base text; no published English used as wording.

Printed text used

Translated from Athenagorae Philosophi Atheniensis Opera Athenagoras Johann Karl Theodor von Otto Mauke Jena 1857 (Greek)

This work has not yet been re-checked against its source. This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Greek on each section for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.