The many forms of the Word
Again, the man who says, “Since a divine spirit was in a body, it surely ought to have differed somewhat from the rest, in size or voice or strength or power to astonish or persuasiveness”: how did he not see that his body differed according to what the beholders were able to receive, and was useful for that very reason, appearing such as it had to be seen by each? And it is not surprising that matter, which by nature is mutable and alterable, can be changed into whatever the Creator wills, and can receive every quality the Craftsman wills, should at one time have the quality of which it is said, “He had no form nor beauty” (Isaiah 53:2), and at another time one so glorious and awe-inspiring and wonderful that those who beheld such great beauty, the three apostles who had gone up with Jesus, fell “on their faces” (Matthew 17:6).
But he will say that these are fictions, no different from myths, like the rest of the wonders told about Jesus. We have already answered this at length in what came before. But the account also holds something more mystical: it declares that the different forms of Jesus refer to the nature of the divine Word, who does not appear in the same way to the many and to those able to follow him “onto a high mountain,” as we have explained it.
For to those who are still below and not yet ready to go up, the Word “has no form nor beauty”; for to such people “his form” is “without honour, and falls short compared with” the words that men have brought forth, which are figuratively called “sons of men” in this passage (Isaiah 53:2–3). For we might say that the words of the philosophers, which are “sons of men,” appear far more comely than the Word of God preached to the many, which also shows a “foolishness of preaching” (1 Corinthians 1:21); and because of the “foolishness of the preaching” that shows in it, those who look at this alone say, “We saw him, and he had no form nor beauty.”
But to those who, by following him, have received the power to keep up with him even as he goes up “onto the high mountain,” he has a more divine form. They see it, if anyone is a “Peter,” who has made room within himself for the building of the Church by the Word and has reached so firm a state that no gate of Hades will prevail against him (Matthew 16:18), since he has been lifted up, because of the Word, “from the gates of death, that he may” declare “all the praises” of God “in the gates of the daughter of Zion” (Psalm 9:13–14); and they see it, if there are any who have received their birth from words of a mighty voice, and fall in no way short of a “thunder” that the mind perceives (Mark 3:17).
And “his garments” are different below: they are not “white,” they are not “as the light” (Matthew 17:2). If you go up “onto the high mountain,” you will see his light and “his garments.” The “garments” of the Word are the wording of Scripture; these words are the clothing of the divine thoughts. So as he himself appears different below, and when he has gone up is transfigured and “his face” becomes “like the sun” (Matthew 17:2), so too his clothing, so too “his garments.” When you are below, they are not bright, they are not “white”; but if you go up, you will see the beauty and “the light” of the garments, and you will marvel at “the face” of Jesus transfigured.
Consider whether it is not the same with what we learn about the Saviour in the Gospels too. For what concerns his birth, as his descent is traced from Abraham and he is “born of the seed of David according to the flesh” (Romans 1:3), is “the book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ” (Matthew 1:1). But of the more divine and greater things that might be said about him and that he himself declared, John says that “not even the world, I suppose, could contain the books that would be written” (John 21:25). For the saying that “the world could not contain the books that would be written” is to be understood not, as some take it, of the number of the writings, but of the greatness of the matters; for the greatness of the matters not only cannot be written down, but cannot even be told by a tongue of flesh, nor expressed in human languages and sounds.
That is why Paul too, when he was about to learn the more divine things, came to be outside this earthly world of ours and was caught up into the third heaven, so that he might be able to hear the “unspeakable words” there (2 Corinthians 12:2–4). For what is spoken here, and is held to be the word of God, is told now that the Word has become flesh and, in respect of his being “God” “with God” (John 1:1), empties himself (Philippians 2:7). That is why we see the Word of God on earth as human, since he has become man; for in the Scriptures “the Word” is always becoming “flesh,” that he may dwell “among us” (John 1:14).
But if we lean back on “the breast” of the Word made flesh (John 13:25), and are able to follow him as he goes up “onto the high mountain,” we shall say, “We saw his glory” (John 1:14). Perhaps some others too, besides those who leaned on his breast and followed him “onto the high mountain,” will say, “We saw his glory,” but will not go on to add, “glory as of the only-begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth” (John 1:14); for this utterance befits John and those like him.
And by another, higher interpretation, those who have been able to follow close in the footsteps of Jesus as he goes up and is transfigured from his earthly appearance will see his transfiguration in each Scripture. It is as though the Jesus who appears to the many were the plain wording, while the Jesus who goes up “onto a high mountain” and is transfigured before very few of the disciples, and before those who have been able to follow to the heights, were the highest and loftiest sense, which holds the oracles of the wisdom hidden “in a mystery,” “which God foreordained before the ages for the glory” of his righteous ones (1 Corinthians 2:7).
But how could Celsus, and the enemies of the divine Word, who have not examined Christianity with a love of truth, know the meaning of the different forms of Jesus? And I mean also of his different ages, and of whatever he did before he suffered and after he rose from the dead.
Greek
Πάλιν τε αὖ ὁ λέγων· ἐπειδὴ θεῖον πνεῦμα ἦν ἐν σώματι, πάντως τι παραλλάττειν αὐτὸ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐχρῆν ἢ κατὰ μέγεθος ἢ φωνὴν ἢ ἀλκὴν ἢ κατάπληξιν ἢ πειθὼ πῶς οὐχ ἑώρα τὸ παραλλάττον τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸ τοῖς ὁρῶσι δυνατὸν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο χρήσιμον τοιοῦτο φαινόμενον, ὁποῖον ἔδει ἑκάστῳ βλέπεσθαι; καὶ οὐ θαυμαστὸν τὴν φύσει τρεπτὴν καὶ ἀλλοιωτὴν καὶ εἰς πάντα ἃ βούλεται ὁ δημιουργὸς ὕλην μεταβλητὴν καὶ πάσης ποιότητος, ἣν ὁ τεχνίτης βούλεται, δεκτικὴν, ὁτὲ μὲν ἔχειν ποιότητα, καθ᾿ ἣν λέγεται τό· „οὐκ εἶχεν εἶδος οὐδὲ κάλλος,“ ὁτὲ δὲ οὕτως ἔνδοξον καὶ καταπληκτικὴν καὶ θαυμαστὴν, ὡς „ἐπὶ πρόσωπον“ πεσεῖν τοὺς θεατὰς τοῦ τηλικούτου κάλλους συνανελθόντας τῷ Ἰησοῦ· τρεῖς ἀποστόλους. ἀλλ᾿ ἐρεῖ ταῦτ᾿ εἶναι πλάσματα καὶ μύθων οὐδὲν διαφέροντα, ὡς καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν περὶ Ἰησοῦ παραδόξων. πρὸς τόδε (μὲν οὖν) διὰ πλειόνων ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτων ἀπελογησάμεθα· ἔχει δέ τι καὶ μυστικώτερον ὁ λόγος, ἀπαγγέλλων τὰς τοῦ Ἰησοῦ διαφόρους μορφὰς φὰς ἀναφέρεσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ θείου λόγου φύσιν, οὐχ ὁμοίως φαινομένου τοῖς τε πολλοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀκολουθεῖν αὐτῷ „εἰς ὑψηλὸν,“ ὃ ἀποδεδώκαμεν, „ὄρος“ δυναμένοις. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἔτι κάτω τυγχάνουσι καὶ μηδέπω ἐπὶ τὸ ἀναβαίνειν παρεσκευασμένοις ὁ λόγος „οὐκ ἔχει εἶδος οὐδὲ κάλλος“· τὸ γὰρ „εἶδος αὐτοῦ“ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐστὶν „ἄτιμον καὶ ἐκλεῖπον παρὰ τοὺς „ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων γεγενημένους λόγους, τροπικῶς ἐν τούτοις καλουμένους „υἱοὺς ἀνθρώπων.“ εἴποιμεν γὰρ ἂν πολλῷ ὡραιοτέρους φαίνεσθαι τοὺς τῶν φιλοσοφούντων λόγους, ὄντας „υἱοὺς ἀνθρώπων,“ παρὰ τὸν τοῖς πολλοῖς κηρυσσόμενον θεοῦ λόγον, ὃς ἐμφαίνει καὶ μωρίαν „κηρύγματος“· καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐμφαινομένην μωρίαν „τοῦ κηρύγματος“ λέγουσιν οἱ τοῦτο μόνον θεωροῦντες· „εἴδομεν αὐτὸν, καὶ οὐκ εἶχεν εἶδος οὐδὲ κάλλος.“ τοῖς μέντοι (ἐκ τοῦ) ἀκολουθεῖν αὐτῷ δύναμιν ἀνειληφόσι πρὸς τὸ ἕπεσθαι καὶ ἀναβαίνοντι αὐτῷ „εἰς τὸ ὑψηλὸν ὄρος“ θειοτέραν μορφὴν ἔχει· ἣν βλέπουσιν, εἴ τις ἐστὶ „Πέτρος,“ χωρήσας τὴν τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐν αὑτῷ οἰκοδομὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου καὶ τοσαύτην ἕξιν ἀναλαβὼν, ὡς μηδεμίαν πύλην ᾅδου κατισχύσειν αὐτοῦ, ὑψωθέντος διὰ τὸν λόγον „ἐκ τῶν πυλῶν τοῦ θανάτου, ὅπως ἂν“ ἐξαγγείλῃ „πάσας τὰς αἰνέσεις“ τοῦ θεοῦ „ἐν ταῖς πύλαις τῆς θυγατρὸς Σιών“· καὶ εἴ τινες εἰσὶν ἐκ λόγων τὴν γένεσιν λαβόντες μεγαλοφώνων, οἵτινες οὐδὲν ἀποδέουσι νοητῆς „βροντῆς.“ <καὶ „τὰ ἱμάτια“ δὲ „αὐτοῦ“ κάτω ἄλλα ἐστὶν, οὐκ ἔστι „λευκὰ,“ οὐκ ἔστιν „ὡς τὸ φῶς“· ἐὰν ἀναβῇς „εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ ὑψηλὸν,“ ὄψει αὐτοῦ φῶς καὶ „τὰ ἱμάτια.“ „τὰ ἱμάτια“ τοῦ λόγου αἱ λέξεις εἰσὶ τῆς γραφῆς, ἔνδυμα τῶν θείων νοημάτων τὰ ῥήματά ἐστι ταῦτα. ὡς οὖν αὐτὸς κάτω ἀλλοῖος φαίνεται καὶ ἀναβὰς μεταμορφοῦται καὶ γίνεται „τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος,“ οὕτω καὶ τὰ ἐνδύματα αὐτοῦ, οὕτω καὶ „τὰ ἱμάτια“· ὅταν δὲ ᾖς κάτω, οὐκ ἔστι λαμπρὰ, οὐκ ἔστι „λευκά“· ἐὰν δὲ ἀναβῇς, ὄψει τὸ κάλλος καὶ „τὸ φῶς“ τῶν ἱματίων, καὶ „τὸ πρόσωπον“ θαυμάσεις τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μεταμορφωθέν. ὅρα δὲ εἰ μὴ ὅμοιόν ἐστι καὶ ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις περὶ τοῦ σωτῆρος μαθεῖν. τὰ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ, γενεαλογουμένου ἐξ Ἀβραὰμ καὶ „γεννωμένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυῒδ κατὰ σάρκα,“ „βίβλος“ ἐστὶ „γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ“· τὰ δὲ θειότερα καὶ μείζονα τῶν περὶ αὐτοῦ λεχθησομένων ἂν καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἀπαγγελλομένων φησὶν ὁ Ἰωάννης, ὡς ἄρα „οὐδὲ τὸν κόσμον οἶμαι χωρεῖν τὰ γραφόμενα βιβλία.“ τὸ γὰρ μὴ „χωρεῖν τὸν κόσμον τὰ γραφόμενα βιβλία“ οὐ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν γραμμάτων, ὥς τινες, ἐκδεκτέον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν πραγμάτων· τοῦ μεγέθους τῶν πραγμάτων οὐ μόνον οὐ δυναμένου γράφεσθαι ἀλλ᾿ οὐδὲ διὰ γλώσσης σαρκίνης ἀπαγγέλλεσθαι οὐδὲ ἐν διαλέκτοις καὶ φωναῖς ἀνθρωπίναις σημαίνεσθαι. ὅθεν καὶ Παῦλος, ἐπὰν μανθάνειν μέλλῃ τὰ θειότερα, ἔξω τοῦ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς περιγείου κόσμου γίνεται καὶ εἰς τρίτον οὐρανὸν ἁρπάζεται, ἵνα τὰ ἐκεῖθεν „ἄῤῥητα ῥήματα“ ἀκοῦσαι δυνηθῇ. τὰ γὰρ ἐνθάδε λαλούμενα καὶ λόγος εἶναι θεοῦ νομιζόμενα, τοῦ λόγου σαρκωθέντος καὶ καθὸ „θεός“ ἐστι „πρὸς τὸν θεὸν“ ἑαυτὸν κενοῦντος, ἀπαγγέλλεται. διόπερ τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ λόγον ἐπὶ „γῆς, ἐπεὶ ἄνθρωπος γέγονεν, ἀνθρώπινον βλέπομεν· ἀεὶ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς „ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο,“ ἵνα κατασκηνώσῃ „ἐν ἡμῖν“· ἀλλ᾿ ἐὰν εἰς „τὸ στῆθος“ τοῦ σαρκωθέντος λόγου ἀνακλιθῶμεν καὶ ἀνιόντι αὐτῷ „εἰς τὸ ὑψηλον ὄρος“ ἀκολουθῆσαι δυνηθῶμεν, ἐροῦμεν τό· „εἴδομεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ“· τάχα μέν τινων καὶ ἑτέρων παρὰ τοὺς ἀνακλιθέντας ἐπὶ τοῦ στήθους αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθήσαντας αὐτῷ „εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ ὑψηλὸν“ λεξόντων τό· „εἴδομεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ,“ οὐκέτι δὲ προσθησόντων τό· „δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρὸς. πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας“· Ἰωάννῃ γὰρ καὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις πρέπουσα αὕτη ἡ φωνή. καὶ καθ᾿ ἑτέραν δὲ ὑψηλοτέραν διήγησιν οἱ δυνηθέντες τοῖς ἴχνεσιν Ἰησοῦ κατακολουθεῖν, ἀναβαίνοντος καὶ μεταμορφουμένου ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπὶ γῆς ὄψεως, ὄψονται αὐτοῦ τὴν μεταμόρφωσιν καθ᾿ ἑκάστην γραφήν· οἱονεὶ τοῦ μὲν τοῖς πολλοῖς φαινομένου Ἰησοῦ τῆς προχείρου λέξεως ὄντος, τοῦ δὲ „εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν“ ἀνιόντος καὶ μεταμορφουμένου σφόδρα ὀλίγοις τῶν μαθητῶν καὶ τοῖς ἀκολουθῆσαι εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ δεδυνημένοις τοῦ ἀνωτάτου καὶ ὑψηλοτάτου νοῦ, περιέχοντος λόγια τῆς „ἐν μυστηρίῳ“ ἀποκεκρυμμένης σοφίας, „ἣν προώρισεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς δόξαν“ τῶν δικαίων αὐτοῦ.> ἀλλὰ πόθεν Κέλσῳ καὶ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς τοῦ θείου λόγου καὶ μὴ φιλαλήθως τὰ χριστιανισμοῦ ἐξετάσασιν εἰδέναι τὸ βούλημα τῶν διαφόρων τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μορφῶν; ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω καὶ ἡλικιῶν, καὶ εἴ τι τῶν πρὸ τοῦ παθεῖν αὐτῷ πεπραγμένων καὶ τῶν μετὰ τὸ ἀναστῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν.