Herodotus’s Ammon and the customs of Scythians and Indians
And what, too, is Herodotus’s Ammon like, whose words Celsus has taken over as if to prove that each people must keep its ancestral customs? For their Ammon does not allow the people from the city of Marea and from Apis, who live in the parts bordering on Libya, to treat the use of cows as indifferent; and yet this is a thing that is not only indifferent by its own nature, but also does not prevent anyone from being noble and good. If their Ammon had forbidden the use of cows because the animal is useful for farming, and besides because the stock increases mostly through the females, his word might perhaps have had some plausibility. But as it is, he simply insists that because they drink of the Nile they must keep the Egyptians’ laws about cows.
And it was on this point that Celsus, mocking the angels among the Jews who serve as envoys of the things of God, said that Ammon was no worse an envoy of divine things than the angels of the Jews. Yet he did not examine their words and their appearances, to see what they mean. For he would have seen that “God does not care for oxen” (1 Corinthians 9:9), even where He seems to be making laws about oxen or animals without reason (Deuteronomy 25:4), but that what was written for the sake of human beings (1 Corinthians 9:10), under the outward appearance of dealing with animals without reason, contains a teaching about the nature of things.
Celsus, then, says that each people does nothing wrong in wishing to practise its own customs. On his view it follows that the Scythians do nothing wrong, since they feast on men according to their ancestral customs. And those Indians who eat their fathers think they do a holy thing, and according to Celsus they do so, or at least do nothing wrong. At any rate he sets out a passage of Herodotus that argues that each people does right to follow its ancestral laws, and he seems to approve of the Indians of Darius’s time called Callatiae, who eat their parents, since, when Darius asked them for what sum they would be willing to give up this law, they cried out loudly and told him to speak no words of ill omen.
Greek
Οἷος δὲ καὶ ὁ τοῦ Ἡροδότου ἐστὶν Ἄμμων, οὗ τὰς λέξεις ὁ Κέλσος παρείληφεν, ὡς εἰς ἀπόδειξιν περὶ τοῦ δεῖν ἕκαστον τὰ πάτρια τηρεῖν; ὁ γὰρ Ἄμμων αὐτῶν τοῖς τῶν ἀπὸ Μαρέης πόλεως καὶ Ἄπιος οἰκοῦσι τὰ πρόσουρα τῇ Λιβύῃ οὐκ ἐᾷ ἀδιαφορεῖν πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν τῶν θηλέων βοῶν· ὅπερ πρᾶγμα οὐ μόνον τῇ φύσει ἑαυτοῦ ἀδιάφορόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐ κωλύει καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν εἶναί τινα. καὶ εἰ μὲν ὁ Ἄμμων αὐτῶν ἀπηγόρευε τὴν χρῆσιν τῶν θηλειῶν βοῶν διὰ τὸ εἰς γεωργίαν τοῦ ζῴου χρήσιμον καὶ πρὸς τούτῳ διὰ τὸ διὰ τῶν θηλέων μάλιστα αὔξειν τὸ γένος αὐτῶν, τάχα ἂν εἶχε πιθανότητα ὁ λόγος· νυνὶ δὲ ἅπαξ βούλεται αὐτοὺς ἐμπίνοντας τοῦ Νείλου δεῖν τηρεῖν τοὺς Αἰγυπτίων περὶ θηλειῶν βοῶν νόμους. καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ γε τωθάζων ὁ Κέλσος τοὺς παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις ἀγγέλους πρεσβεύοντας τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ κακίονα ἔφησεν εἶναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα πρὸς τὸ διαπρεσβεῦσαι τὰ δαιμόνια ἢ οἱ Ἰουδαίων ἄγγελοι· ὧν οὐκ ἐξήτασε τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς ἐπιφανείας, τί βούλονται. ἑωράκει γὰρ ἂν ὅτι οὐ „τῶν βοῶν μέλει τῷ θεῷ,“ ἔνθα καὶ δοκεῖ περὶ βοῶν ἢ ἀλόγων ζῴων νομοθετεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὰ δι᾿ ἀνθρώπους γραφέντα ἐν προσχήματι τῷ περὶ ἀλόγων ζῴων φυσιολογίαν τινὰ περιέχει. Κέλσος μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἄδικόν φησι ποιεῖν ἕκαστον, τὰ σφέτερα νόμιμα θρησκεύειν ἐθέλοντα· καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ κατ᾿ αὐτὸν μηδὲν ἄδικον ποιεῖν Σκύθας, ἐπεὶ κατὰ τὰ πάτρια δαίνυνται ἀνθρώπους. καὶ Ἰνδῶν δὲ οἱ τοὺς πατέρας ἐσθίοντες ὅσια δρᾶν νομίζουσι, καὶ κατὰ τὸν Κέλσον, ἢ οὐκ ἄδικά γε. ἐκτίθεται γοῦν Ἡροδότου λέξιν συναγορεύουσαν τὸ ἕκαστον τοῖς πατρίοις νόμοις καθηκόντως χρῆσθαι, καὶ ἔοικεν ἀποδεχομένῳ τοὺς ἐπὶ Δαρείου Καλατίας καλουμένους Ἰνδοὺς τοὺς γονεῖς κατεσθίοντας, ἐπεὶ πρὸς τὸν Δαρεῖον πυνθανόμενον, ἐπὶ πόσῳ χρήματι ἀποθέσθαι τοῦτον τὸν νόμον βούλονται, ἀναβοήσαντες μέγα εὐφημεῖν αὐτὸν ἐκέλευον.