Are beasts dearer to God than wise men?
How impiously the man who charges us with impiety has said that the irrational animals are not only wiser than human nature but also dearer to God! Who would not be repelled on listening to a man who says that the serpent, the fox, the wolf, the eagle and the hawk are dearer to God than human nature? It follows that he must say that, if these animals are dearer to God than men, then plainly these animals are dearer to God than Socrates, Plato, Pythagoras, Pherecydes and the theologians he praised a little earlier.
One might well pray for him, saying: “If these animals are dearer to God than men, may you become dear to God along with them, and be made like those who, on your view, are dearer to God than men.” And let him not suppose that such a wish is a curse. For who would not pray to become in every way like those who he is convinced are dearer to God, so that he too, like them, may become dear to God?
Celsus, wishing the converse of irrational animals to be holier than ours, attributes this account not to ordinary people but to men of understanding. But in truth the men of understanding are the good, for no bad man has understanding. He speaks, then, in this way: “Men of understanding say that these creatures too have converse, plainly holier than ours, and that they themselves somehow know what is said, and show in deed that they are not ignorant of it, when, having foretold that the birds said they would go off somewhere and do this or that, they show them going there and doing what they had already foretold.”
Now in truth no man of understanding has recorded such things, and no wise man has said that the converse of irrational animals is holier than that of men. But if, to examine Celsus’s views, we look at what follows from them, it is plain that on his view the converse of irrational animals is holier than the solemn discourses of Pherecydes, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato and the philosophers; which on its very face is not only incongruous but utterly absurd.
And even if we were to believe that some, having learned from the inarticulate cry of birds that the birds will go off somewhere and do this or that, foretell it, we shall say that this too has been shown to men in symbols by the demons, with the aim that man should be deceived by the demons and his mind dragged down from heaven and God to earth and to things lower still.
Greek
Πῶς δ᾿ ἀσεβῶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀσέβειαν ἡμῖν ἐγκαλοῦντος εἴρηται τὸ οὐ μόνον σοφώτερα εἶναι τὰ ἄλογα τῶν ζῴων τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσεως ἀλλὰ καὶ θεοφιλέστερα; καὶ τίς οὐκ ἂν ἀποτραπείη προσέχων ἀνθρώπῳ, λέγοντι δράκοντα καὶ ἀλώπεκα καὶ λύκον καὶ ἀετὸν καὶ ἱέρακα τῆς (τῶν) ἀνθρώπων φύσεως εἶναι θεοφιλέστερα; ἀκολουθεῖ δ᾿ αὐτῷ τὸ λέγειν ὅτι, εἴπερ θεοφιλέστερα τάδε τὰ ζῷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων. δῆλον ὅτι καὶ Σωκράτους καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Πυθαγόρου καὶ Φερεκύδου καὶ ων πρὸ βραχέος υμνησε θεολόγων θεοφιλέστερά ἐστι ταῦτα τὰ ζῷα. καὶ ἐπεύξαιτό γ᾿ ἄν τις αὐτῷ λέγων· εἴπερ θεοφιλέστερά ἐστι τάδε τὰ ζῷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, γένοιο μετ᾿ ἐκείνων θεοφιλὴς καὶ ἐξομοιωθείης τοῖς κατὰ σὲ ἀνθρώπων θεοφιλεστέροις. καὶ μὴ ὑπολαμβανέτω γε ἀρὰν εἶναι τὸ τοιοῦτον· τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν εὔξαιτο οἷς πείθεται εἶναι θεοφιλεστέροις γενέσθαι πάντῃ παραπλήσιος, ἵνα καὶ αὐτὸς ὡς ἐκεῖνοι γένηται θεοφιλής; θέλων δὲ τὰς ὁμιλίας τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων εἶναι τῶν ἡμετέρων ἱερωτέρας ὁ Κέλσος οὐ τοῖς τυχοῦσιν ἀνατίθησι τὴν ἱστορίαν ταύτην ἀλλὰ τοῖς συνετοῖς. συνετοὶ δὲ κατὰ ἀλήθειάν εἰσιν οἱ σπουδαῖοι, οὐδεὶς γὰρ φαῦλος συνετός. λέγει τοίνυν τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον, ὅτι φασὶ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ συνετοὶ καὶ ὁμιλίας ἐκείνοις εἶναι, δηλονότι τῶν ἡμετέρων ἱερωτέρας, καὶ αὐτοί που γνωρίζειν τὰ λεγόμενα καὶ ἔργῳ δεικνύειν ὅτι οὐκ ἀγνοοῦσιν, ὅταν προειπόντες ὅτι ἔφασαν οἱ ὄρνιθες ὡς ἀπίασί ποι καὶ ποιήσουσι τόδε ἢ τόδε δεικνύωσιν ἀπελθόντας ἐκεῖ καὶ ποιοῦντας ἃ ἤδη προεῖπον. κατὰ μὲν οὖν τὸ ἀληθὲς οὐδεὶς συνετὸς τοιαῦτα ἱστόρησε, καὶ οὐδεὶς σοφὸς ἱερωτέρας εἶπεν εἶναι τὰς τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων ὁμιλίας τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. εἰ δ᾿ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἐξετάσαι τὰ Κέλσου τἀκόλουθον σκοποῦμεν, δῆλον ὅτι κατ᾿ αὐτὸν ἱερώτεραι τῶν σεμνῶν Φερεκύδου καὶ Πυθαγόρου καὶ Σωκράτους καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων ὁμιλιῶν εἰσιν αἱ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων· ὅπερ ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτόθεν οὐ μόνον ἀπεμφαῖνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀτοπώτατον. ἵνα δὲ καὶ πιστεύσωμέν τινας, ἐκ τῆς ἀσήμου φωνῆς τῶν ὀρνίθων μαθόντας ὅτι ἀπίασί ποι οἱ ὄρνιθες καὶ ποιήσουσι τόδε ἢ τόδε. προδηλοῦν, καὶ τοῦτ᾿ ἐροῦμεν ἀπὸ τῶν δαιμόνων συμβολικῶς ἀνθρώποις δεδηλῶσθαι κατὰ σκοπὸν τὸν περὶ τοῦ ἀπατηθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν δαιμόνων τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ κατασπασθῆναι αὐτοῦ τὸν νοῦν ἀπ᾿ οὐρανοῦ καὶ θεοῦ ἐπὶ γῆν καὶ τὰ ἔτι κατωτέρω.