The wicked serve the whole but remain to blame
Celsus has put forward an argument of this kind about evils: “Even if something seems evil to you, it is not yet clear whether it is evil; for you do not know what benefits you, or another, or the whole.” The argument has something cautious in it, but it also suggests that the nature of evils is not altogether wicked, because what is thought to be evil in particular cases may benefit the whole.
Nevertheless, so that no one may mishear what is said and find in it an occasion of ruin, as though his wickedness too were useful to the universe, or at least could be useful, this will be said: since what lies in each person’s power is kept safe, even if God makes use of the wickedness of the bad for the ordering of the universe, assigning them to a use for the universe, such a person is no less blameworthy, and it is as one blameworthy that he has been assigned to a use that every individual would pray to escape but which is useful to the whole.
It is as if, in the case of cities, someone were to say that a man who had committed certain crimes, and for those crimes was condemned to certain public works useful to the community, does something useful for the whole city, while he himself has come into a wretched state, one in which no one with even a moderate amount of sense would want to be.
Paul too, the apostle of Jesus, teaches us that even the very worst will contribute something to the use of the universe, but will through their own fault be in a wretched state, and that the most virtuous will also be most useful to the universe and, through their own doing, will be set in the finest place. He says: “In a great house there are not only vessels of gold and silver, but also of wood and of clay, some for honour and some for dishonour. If anyone, then, cleanses himself, he will be a vessel for honour, sanctified and useful to the master, prepared for every good work” (2 Timothy 2:20–21).
I take it that these things too had to be set out in answer to “Even if something seems evil to you, it is not yet clear whether it is evil; for you do not know what benefits you or another,” so that no one may take from what is said on this subject an occasion for sinning, as though he will be useful to the whole through his sin.
Greek
Ἔθηκε δέ τινα λόγον ὁ Κέλσος περὶ τῶν κακῶν τοιοῦτον, ὅτι κἂν σοί τι δοκῇ κακὸν, οὔπω δῆλον εἰ κακόν ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ οἶσθα ὅ τι ἢ σοὶ ἢ ἄλλῳ ἢ τῷ ὅλῳ συμφέρει. καὶ ἔχει μέν τι ὁ λόγος εὐλαβὲς, ὑπονοεῖ δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν κακῶν φύσιν οὐ πάντῃ εἶναι μοχθηρὰν διὰ τὸ ἐνδέχεσθαι τῷ ὅλῳ συμφέρειν τὸ νομιζόμενον ἐν τοῖς καθ᾿ ἕκαστον εἶναι κακόν. πλὴν ἵνα μὴ παρακούσας τις τοῦ λεγομένου ἐπιτριβῆς εὕρῃ ἀφορμὴν. ὡς καὶ τῆς κακίας αὐτοῦ χρησίμου τυγχανούσης τῷ παντὶ ἢ δυναμένης γε εἶναι χρησίμου. λελέξεται ὅτι σῳζομένου τοῦ ἐφ᾿ ἡμῖν ἑκάστῳ κἂν συγχρήσηται τῇ κακίᾳ τῶν φαύλων εἰς τὴν διάταξιν τοῦ παντὸς ὁ θεὸς, κατατάσσων αὐτοὺς εἰς χρείαν τοῦ παντὸς, οὐδὲν ἧττον ψεκτός τε ἐστὶν ὁ τοιόσδε καὶ ὡς ψεκτὸς κατατέτακται εἰς χρείαν ἀπευκταίαν μὲν ἑκάστῳ χρήσιμον δὲ τῷ παντί. ὡς εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πόλεών τις ἔλεγε τὸν τάδε τινὰ ἡμαρτηκότα καὶ διὰ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα εἴς τινα δημόσια ἔργα χρήσιμα τῷ παντὶ καταδικαζόμενον ποιεῖν μέν τι χρήσιμον τῇ ολῃ πόλει, αὐτὸν δὲ γεγονέναι ἐν ἀπευκταίῳ πράγματι καὶ ἐν ᾧ οὐδεὶς τῶν κἂν μέτριον νοῦν ἐχόντων ἐβούλετο γενέσθαι. καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος δὲ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Παῦλος, διδάσκων ἡμᾶς συνοίσειν μὲν τῇ χρείᾳ τι τοῦ παντὸς καὶ τοὺς φαυλοτάτους, παρ᾿ ἑαυτοὺς δὲ ἔσεσθαι ἐν τοῖς ἀπευκτοῖς, χρησιμωτάτους δ᾿ ἔσεσθαι καὶ τοὺς σπουδαιοτάτους τῷ παντὶ, παρ᾿ ἑαυτῶν αἰτίαν ἐν καλλίστῃ χώρᾳ ταχθησομένους, φησίν· „ἐν μεγάλῃ δ᾿ οἰκίᾳ οὐκ ἔστι μόνον σκεύη χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀργυρᾶ ἀλλὰ καὶ ξύλινα καὶ ὀστράκινα, καὶ ἃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν ἃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν· ἐὰν οὖν τις ἐκκαθάρῃ ἑαυτὸν, ἔσται σκεῦος εἰς τιμὴν, ἡγιασμένον καὶ εὔχρηστον τῷ δεσπότῃ, εἰς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἡτοιμασμένον.“ καὶ ταῦτα δ᾿ ἀναγκαίως ὑπολαμβάνω ἐκτεθεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ κἂν σοί τι δοκῇ κακὸν, οὕπω δῆλον εἰ κακόν· οὐ γὰρ οἶσθα ὅ τι ἢ σοὶ ἢ ἄλλῳ συμφέρει, ἵνα μὴ ἀφορμὴν λαμβάνῃ τις ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὸν τόπον πρὸς τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν ὡς χρήσιμος τῷ ὅλῳ διὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐσόμενος.