To Florus 6.21
It is therefore perfectly clear that Augustine differs in nothing from his teacher. His arguments define Adam’s nature as utterly evil no less than everyone else’s. To discuss further with him what we have treated, it appears that you do not even consider the first sin the same kind as other faults. You say later ages’ crimes cannot pass into nature—for example, that children born from an embezzler, a parent-murderer, or an incestuous person are not born liable for their parents’ sins—and that no crime except that one is mixed into reproductive seed. You therefore show with complete openness that you do not consider that disobedience of the same kind as the rest.
See how brief and clear our question is. If Adam’s sin was adopted voluntarily and could become natural, why are the sins committed every day by a criminal will not piled into the deformity and prejudicial condition of reproductive seed? If these sins, no less atrocious and more numerous, cannot be implanted at birth, by what law, condition, or special privilege is that one alone claimed to be inborn? If the sins we know, which law condemns and fairness punishes, are of the same kind as the first human’s sin, committed voluntarily and punished justly, why do we not understand these from that one, or that one from these? If they cannot testify to one another, how can anyone shamelessly deny that the first transgression was of another condition—produced not by will but by natural corruption?
Finally, while maintaining inherited sin, dare to define any sin. I do not mean the first; for now take one committed today—sacrilege, a shameful act, or some evil crime. Explain the definition of these sins. You will undoubtedly say: It is a will seeking what justice forbids and from which it is free to abstain; if there were no evil will, there could be no sin. Observe how reasonably we rise against this. What dullness, what intolerable shamelessness! You define sin as nothing but a free will forbidden by justice, while the theory of natural evil lays down that there is an involuntary sin with which a human is born. Then it is not true that only what is freely committed is a fault, since there is a crime—and the greatest one—received not voluntarily but by birth.
Give back, then, the definition of sin that is friendly to catholics and does not turn aside to lodge with you even as a guest. Having relinquished it, prove that you are not a fellow soldier of those who attack substance itself with the stigma of wickedness. To gather our conclusions: either no sin will be shown voluntary if any sin is natural, or none will be natural if every sin is defined as voluntary. Consequently, either deny that sin can be born and come over to catholic faith, or, if you persist that not merely some sin but the greatest crime is received through nature without will, give your name too to Mani, whom you obey in everything.
Latin
Liquet igitur absolutissime nullo Augustinum a praeceptore suo differre, sed disputationibus eius non minus Adae, quam ceterorum naturam pessimam definiri. Denique ut adhuc aliquid cum eodem de his, quae egimus, disseramus, apparet te etiam primi peccati non idem genus, quod aliarum putare culparum. Nam cum dicis flagitia temporum secutorum in naturam transire non posse, verbi gratia, ut de peculatore, de parricida, de incesto orti filii generantum peccatis nascantur obnoxii; nec ullum crimen esse quod seminibus misceatur, praeter illud unum, apertissime ostendis illam inobedientiam non te eiusdem generis arbitrari, cuius etiam ceterae sunt. Vide ergo interrogatio nostra quantae sit brevitatis et lucis. Si peccatum, quod Adam commisit, voluntate susceptum est, et potuit fieri naturale, cur non haec quae fiunt quotidie peccata, quae voluntas criminosa committit, in deformitatem et praeiudicia seminum congeruntur? Quod si ista non minus atrocia, quam plura, ingenerari nequeunt; qua lege, qua conditione, quo privilegio illud solum vindicatur ingenitum? Si unius generis peccata sunt, quae novimus, quae lex arguit, quae aequitas punit, et illud primi hominis, quod voluntate commissum et aequitate punitum est; cur non aut ista ex illo intellegimus, aut illud ex istis? Aut si mutuo sibi testimonio esse non possunt, qua impudentia denegatur illa praevaricatio alterius conditionis fuisse, id est, non de voluntate, sed naturali tabe prolata? Postremo, aude cum assertione traducis definire quodcumque peccatum, non dico illud primum, sed interim vel de his quae nunc fiunt, verbi gratia, sacrilegium, flagitium, vel malum quodpiam facinus; id est, haec peccata quam definitionem habeant, explicato. Dices sine dubio: Voluntas est appetens quod iustitia vetat, et unde liberum est abstinere. Quia si voluntas mala non esset, peccatum esse non posset. Ad hoc quam rationabiliter assurgamus intende. O hebetudinem, o impudentiam non ferendam! Definis non esse peccatum nisi voluntatem liberam, et a iustitia prohibitam, cum mali naturalis opinio praescribat esse peccatum, cum quo nascitur homo, non voluntarium. Non est ergo verum, culpam non esse, nisi quae sponte committitur; quia est crimen, et maximum, quod non sponte, sed nascendo suscipitur. Remitte igitur definitionem peccati, quae Catholicis amica ad vos nec hospitii iure deflectit, atque ea remissa, proba te non esse illorum commilitonem, qui ipsam substantiam invidia pravitatis oppugnant. Et ut quod egimus colligatur: aut nullum docebitur voluntarium, si est aliquod naturale peccatum; aut nullum erit naturale, si omne peccatum voluntarium definitur; conficiturque ex his, ut aut neges nasci posse peccatum, et transeas in Catholicorum fidem; aut si perstiteris non aliquod, sed maximum crimen sine voluntate suscipi per naturam, reddas nomen tuum etiam Manichaeo, cui totum praestas obsequium.
About this text
Julian’s six preserved books to Florus, quoted section by section in Augustine’s unfinished reply. Augustine’s refutations are omitted. Latin of Julian’s words is on each section.
Julian’s own books do not survive as a separate manuscript. English follows his words as Augustine quotes them in the Unfinished Work Against Julian. Augustine’s replies are omitted. We do not restore a Julian text independent of Augustine.
Witnesses
- Copy-text Augustine, Unfinished Work Against Julian (Latin · Julian’s words as quoted, Books 1–6)
- Checked print Augustinus.it Latin of the Unfinished Work (Latin · Same work)
- Checked print Migne PL 45 (Latin · Hard cases)
This is an AI-assisted study translation. Source fidelity and completeness have not been independently certified. Open Latin on each section (or the Latin source witness link) for the source text. This is not a complete critical edition.