Commentary on Zechariah · §57

The Allegory of the Land and the Body

Providence casts out those who are handed over to nations such as these because, while remaining within the divine laws, inwardly understanding and keeping them, they were not cast out; but after experiencing this, they began to seek and practice the causes of being cast out and handed over.

This is what the Apostle interpreted in many ways, writing once: 'Who, pretending to be wise, became fools (Romans 1:22), and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for a likeness of corruptible man and birds and four-footed animals and creeping things (Romans 1:23); therefore God gave them up to the lusts of their own hearts to uncleanness (Romans 1:24).' And again: 'Who exchanged the truth of God in a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator (Romans 1:25); therefore He gave them up to passions of dishonor, the dishonoring of their own bodies among themselves, as men behaving shamefully and unchastely toward one another, men committing shame upon men; likewise also their women exchanged the natural use of womanhood for that which is against nature (Romans 1:26).'

A third delivery they received: 'those having been handed over to a reprobate mind because they did not approve of having the knowledge of God (Romans 1:28),' as it follows that they would be 'filled with all unrighteousness (Romans 1:32)' and its various kinds, which the Apostle who wrote the epistle listed hereafter.

By these same deliveries, those cast out into the nations fell, because of the great wrath having come upon them from the Lord of all. And they were handed over to strange nations which they had never known through experience.

Having been cast out, upon whom the great wrath had become, into all nations they did not know, their land vanished from before them, they being relocated from it, so that no man was able to pass through or return. And since man was no longer upon it, and from every vegetation it vanished, no longer bearing green herb, no longer being of woody vegetation, which followed him...

And no longer are herds of animals upon it. But wickedness increases, because it was turned into a wasteland, though it was once an elect land by virtue of 'flowing milk and honey' (Exodus 3:8).

Regarding the history, allegorically, the good heart and beautiful land vanished, falling from bearing good offspring to bearing thorns, briars, and weeds, so that there is no longer a correct thought passing through it, nor turning back to it, especially since it was turned to destruction, although it was previously elect, having inhabitants, farmers, and shepherds.

These things can also be said regarding tropology: our body becomes an elect land, possessing temperance and purity, so as to allow passing through and turning back to it temperate and orderly ways, in order to bear the offspring and edible fruits of purity which the trees of virtue bring forth.

It sometimes happens from increased wickedness that the elect land, which through purity was inhabited, is turned to destruction and becomes desolate; which thing happened to all who repeat perfect chastity in order to please God, having guarded his own elect land, which is the flesh having been praiseworthily put to death, 'bearing the death of Jesus' (Galatians 2:20).

According to the twofold lifting up, the tropological and the allegorical, the land of election flows milk and honey, from which nourishment and spiritual enjoyment are composed, the honey being produced from the bee which preferred the wisdom of God, according to the proverbial saying protecting the industrious one here: 'Go to the ant and consider how she is a worker; having valued wisdom, she went forward, the labors of which both kings and commoners offer up for health; and she is both desirable and prosperous' (Proverbs 6:6). Along with this sweetness, the holy land flows milk, which the Apostle quenches for the little ones in Christ.

Both these things the holy bride of God's Word carries under her own tongue, as is said in praise of her: 'Milk and honey under the tongue...'

Greek

ὄντων. 2.206 Εἰς τὰ οὕτω ἔθνη γενάμενα ἐκβάλλει ὁ προνοήτης τοὺς παραδιδομένους αὐτοῖς· ἔσω γὰρ μένοντες τῶν θείων νόμων, ἐσωτερικῶς νοοῦντες καὶ τηροῦντες αὐτούς, οὐκ ἐξεβάλλοντο, τοῦτο παθόντες ὅθ' εἵλαντο καὶ ἔπραξαν τὰ αἴτια τοῦ ἐκβληθῆναι καὶ παραδοθῆναι· 2.207 ἃ ἡρμήνευσεν ὁ Ἀπόστολος πολυτρόπως, ὁτὲ μὲν γράφων· «Φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοὶ ἐμωράνθησαν, καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ πετεινῶν καὶ τετραπόδων καὶ ἑρπετῶν· διὰ τοῦτο παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν», 2.208 ὁτὲ δέ· «Οἵτινες μετήλλαξαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ψεύδει, καὶ ἐσεβάσθησαν καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν τῇ κτίσει παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα· διὰ τοῦτο παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς πάθεσιν ἀτιμίας, τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς, ὡς τοὺς ἄρρενας αὐτῶν κατ' ἀλλήλων αἰσχρῶς καὶ ἀκολάστως ἐμμαίνεσθαι, ἄρσενες ἐν ἄρσεσιν τὴν αἰσχύνην κατεργαζομένους· ὡσαύτως καὶ αἱ θήλειαι αὐτῶν μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν.» 2.209 Τρίτην δὲ παράδοσιν ἔσχον «οἱ παραδοθέντες εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν διὰ τὸ μὴ δεδοκιμακέναι ἔχειν τὸν Θεὸν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει», ὡς ἀκολουθῆσαι τὸ «πεπληρῶσθαι αὐτοὺς πάσης κακίας» καὶ τῶν εἰδῶν αὐτῆς, ὧν κατέλεξεν ἑξῆς ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν Ἀπόστολος. 2.210 Ταῖς αὐταῖς ταύταις παραδόσεσιν ὑπέπεσαν οἱ ἐκβεβλημένοι εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, διὰ τὴν γεναμένην ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ὀργὴν μεγάλην παρὰ Κυρίου παντοκράτορος. Εἰς ἔθνη δὲ ἀλλότρια ἃ οὐκ ἔγνωσάν ποτε διὰ πείρας παρεδόθησαν. 2.211 Ἐκβληθέντες οἱ καθ' ὧν ἡ μεγάλη ὀργὴ γέγονεν εἰς πάντα ἃ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ἔθνη, ἐξόπισθεν αὐτῶν ἡ γῆ ἠφανίσθη, μετοικισθέντων ἐξ αὐτῆς, ὡς μὴ εἶναι διοδεύοντα ἢ ἀναστρέφοντα ἄνθρωπον. Ἀνθρώπου δὲ μηκέτ' ὄντος ἐπ' αὐτῆς, καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης φυτείας ἠφανίσθη, οὐ χλοηφορούσης ἔτι, οὐ δενδρικῆς φυτείας οὔσης, ᾧ ἠκολούθησεν καὶ τὸ ζῴων ἀγέλας μηκέτ' εἶναι ἐπ' αὐτῆς. Ἐπιτείνει δὲ ἡ κακοπραγία, ὅτι εἰς χέρσον ἐτάχθη ἥ ποτε ἐκλεκτὴ γῆ τυγχάνουσα διὰ τὸ «ῥεῖν γάλα καὶ μέλι». 2.212 Πρὸς τῇ ἱστορίᾳ, κατ' ἀλληγορίαν ἡ ἀγαθὴ καρδία καὶ καλὴ γῆ ἠφανίσθη μεταπεσοῦσα ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθὰ φέρειν γενήματα εἰς τὸ ἀκανθοφορεῖν καὶ τριβόλους φέρειν καὶ ζιζάνια, ὥστε μηκέτι εἶναι ἐπ' αὐτῆς διοδεύοντα λογισμὸν ὀρθόν, μηδ' ἀναστρέφοντα ἐπ' αὐτήν, ἐπείπερ ἐτάχθη εἰς ἀφανισμόν, καίπερ ἐκλεκτὴ πρότερον οὖσα, οἰκήτορας ἔχουσα καὶ γεωργοὺς καὶ ποιμένας. 2.213 Ῥηθείη καὶ πρὸς τροπολογίαν τάδε· τὸ σῶμα ἡμῶν γῆ ἐκλεκτὴ τυγχάνει, ἔχον σωφροσύνην καὶ ἁγνείαν, ὡς διοδεύειν καὶ ἀναστρέφειν ἐπ' αὐτὴν σώφρονας καὶ κοσμίους τρόπους, διὰ τὸ καρποφορεῖν τὰ ἁγνείας γενήματα καὶ καρποὺς ἐδωδίμους οὓς φέρουσιν τὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς δένδρα. 2.214 Συμβαίνει ποτὲ ἐξ ἐπιτεταμένης κακίας, ταχθῆναι εἰς ἀφανισμὸν καὶ ἐρήμωσιν τὴν δι' ἁγνείαν ἐκλεκτὴν γῆν· ὃ ἀπέστω παντὸς τοῦ τελείαν ἀγαμίαν ἐπανελομένου ἵν' ἀρέσῃ τῷ Θεῷ, ἐκλεκτὴν φυλάξας τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γῆν, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἡ νεκρωθεῖσα ἐπαινετῶς σάρξ, «τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ περιφέρουσα». 2.215 Κατὰ τὴν διττὴν ἀναγωγήν, τὴν τροπικὴν καὶ ἀλληγορικήν, ἡ ἐκλογῆς ἀξία γῆ ῥεῖ γάλα καὶ μέλι, ἐξ ὧν τροφὴ καὶ εὐωχία νοητὴ συνίσταται, γινομένου τοῦ μέλιτος ἐκ τῆς προτιμησάσης τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ μελίττης, κατὰ τὸ παροιμιῶδες λόγιον προστάττον ὧδε τῷ φιλεργῷ· «Πορεύθητι πρὸς τὴν μέλιτταν καὶ μάθε ὡς ἐργάτις ἐστίν· τὴν σοφίαν τιμήσασα προήχθη, ἧς τοὺς πόνους βασιλεῖς τε καὶ ἰδιῶται πρὸς ὑγίειαν προσφέρονται· ποθεινὴ δέ ἐστιν καὶ ἐπίδοξος.» Σὺν τούτῳ τῷ γλυκασμῷ καὶ γάλα ῥεῖ ἡ ἁγία γῆ, ὅπερ τοὺς ἐν Χριστῷ νηπίους ποτίζει ὁ Ἀπόστολος. 2.216 Ἀμφότερα ταῦτα ἡ ἁγία τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγου νύμφη ὑπὸ τὸν ἑαυτῆς 63 φέρει λόγον, ὡς ἐν ἐπαίνῳ πρὸς αὐτὴν λέγεσθαι· «Γάλα καὶ μέλι ὑπὸ τὴν γλῶσσάν

About this text

Didymus the Blind on Zechariah.

Catalogue & scope

Khazarzar scan

Witnesses

  • Copy-text PG (Khazarzar) (Greek)

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