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Question 76 · The last things

Will our bodies rise?

What the sources show

Clement of Rome c. 96 · Polycarp of Smyrna c. 135The same body

From the first letters after the New Testament, Christians taught that God will raise our bodies as he raised Christ's: Clement points to day and night and the seed; Polycarp to Christ as the pattern. 12

Athenagoras c. 180 · Tertullian c. 210The same body

Against pagan scorn and Gnostic denial, Athenagoras and Tertullian defended the resurrection of this flesh, "all of it, the very same, entire". 34

Origen of Alexandria c. 225 · Methodius of Olympus c. 300 · Augustine of Hippo c. 426

Origen and Methodius then argued over what rises: Origen kept the body's form while its matter flows away, and Methodius answered that God melts his statue down only to cast the same work again. Augustine filled in the picture: every body restored whole, at the measure of its youth, with no deformity left. 567

The answers given:
ApostolicBefore NicaeaNicaea and afterMiddle AgesReformation to today

Scroll through the centuries, or tap a dot. J K move between witnesses.

Apostolic Fathers

30–150
96c. AD
The same body

Clement of Rome fl. c. 96 ADFirst Letter to the Corinthians 24.1–4

Let us consider, beloved, how the Master continually shows us the resurrection to come, of which he made the Lord Jesus Christ the first fruits by raising him from the dead. Let us look, beloved, at the resurrection that happens at each season. Day and night show us resurrection: the night falls asleep, the day rises; the day departs, night comes on. Let us take the crops: how and in what way does the sowing happen?

Clement goes on to the seed and to the phoenix (chapter 25) as signs of the resurrection.

Full English of this work is being translated
135c. AD
The same body

Polycarp of Smyrna c. 69–c. 155 ADLetter to the Philippians 2.1–2

... believing in him who raised our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead and gave him glory and a throne at his right hand ... who comes as judge of the living and the dead ... And he who raised him from the dead will raise us also, if we do his will and walk in his commandments.

Christ's resurrection as the pattern and promise of ours.

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Before Nicaea

150–325
180c. AD
The same body

Athenagoras fl. c. 177 ADOn the Resurrection of the Dead 3.1–2

If at their first making he created human bodies and their elements when they did not exist, he will raise them just as easily when they have been dissolved, however that happens; for this too is equally possible for him.

Athenagoras answers the pagan objection about bodies eaten by animals or scattered.

Read in context →
210c. AD
The same body

Tertullian c. 155–c. 220 ADOn the Resurrection of the Flesh 63.1

So the flesh will rise: all of it, the very same, entire.

The same flesh, not another body.

Full English of this work is being translated
225c. AD
A spiritual body

Origen of Alexandria c. 185–c. 254 ADOn First Principles 2.10

Our bodies are to be thought of as falling into the earth like a grain. There is a principle lodged in them that holds the bodily substance together. However dead the bodies may be, and corrupted and scattered, at God's word that same principle, which is always kept safe in the body's substance, will raise them from the earth and restore and repair them, just as the power in a grain of wheat, after its corruption and death, repairs and restores the grain into the body of the stalk and the ear.

On First Principles 2.10, in Rufinus's Latin (the Greek of this chapter survives only in fragments, some of them quoted by Methodius against him). The abiding ratio, the body's form principle (in the Greek fragments its eidos), is what makes the risen body the same body, though Origen insists it rises spiritual, changed in glory. Quoted from the Lommatzsch witness in the store; the passage still wants a locked library section.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text
300c. AD
The same body

Methodius of Olympus d. c. 311 ADOn the Resurrection 1.35-36 (quoted in Epiphanius, Panarion 64)

God, it seems to me, has arranged the same for us. He saw man, the fairest of his works, ruined by the envious plots of spite, and in his love for mankind he would not leave him so, but dissolved him back into matter, so that in the remoulding everything faulty in him would melt away and vanish. ... What the statue's being melted down is there, that here is the body's dying and dissolution; and what the matter's being shaped again and adorned is there, that here is rising again.

Methodius answers Origen in a dialogue (the orthodox speaker is Eubulius). His image is a gold statue, marred by envy, melted down by its maker and cast again in its own form: dissolution is not loss, and the same work comes back without its blemishes. On the Resurrection survives complete only in an Old Slavonic translation; long Greek extracts, this one included, survive because Epiphanius quoted them against the Origenists in Panarion 64 (Migne PG 42). The library's Methodius texts are partly OCR and do not hold this passage.

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Nicaea to Chalcedon

325–451
426c. AD
The same body

Augustine of Hippo 354–430 ADCity of God 22.20-21

The sum of it is this: in the resurrection of the flesh, the size of our bodies will for ever have the measures that the pattern of youth, implanted in each body and still to be perfected or already perfect, once had, with fitting beauty kept in the proportions of every member. ... Only let there be no deformity, no weakness, no slowness and no corruption. ... Whatever has perished from living bodies, or from corpses after death, will be restored.

Augustine's last book works through the objectors' questions one by one: aborted children, bodies eaten or scattered, hair and nails, size and age (22.12-21). His settled answer: nothing of the body is lost to its Maker, defects are removed rather than preserved, and all rise at the measure of grown youth, about the age Christ reached.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text

Witnesses not in the library yet

These writers also matter for this question. Their texts will join the timeline above once they are translated.

  • 225
    Origen of Alexandria, On First Principles 2.10-11; fragment in Methodius

    Quoted from the Lommatzsch witness: origen-principiis-2-10. Still open: the library's origen-principiis book holds working summaries, not the text; lock the real De Principiis 2.10-11 text (Koetschau, GCS 22, 1913) as library sections.

  • 300
    Methodius of Olympus, On the Resurrection

    Quoted from the Greek extract Epiphanius preserved in Panarion 64: methodius-resurrection-statue. Still open: On the Resurrection has no library book of its own; the complete text survives in Old Slavonic (Bonwetsch, GCS 27, 1917) and the library's Methodius files do not hold this passage.

How this page was made

Every early quote was read in its Greek or Latin and translated for this page by Claude (Opus 5.5) on 13 October 2026. Each line names the printed edition it was read from. A quote marked indirect does not state the answer outright; read its note. A writer's silence is never counted as an answer.