Tertullian — On the Soul 37
ON THE AGE OF THE SOUL. The whole preparation of sowing, building, and shaping a human in the womb some power serving the divine will surely modulates, whichever reason it has been allotted to drive. Even Roman superstition, estimating this, invented the goddess Alemona for feeding the fetus in the womb, and Nona and Decima from the more anxious months, and Partula to govern birth, and Lucina to lead into the light. We believe angels are the divine offices. From then therefore the fetus in the womb is a human, from when the form is complete. For Moses' law then judges one guilty of abortion by talion, when there is already a human's case, when life and death status is already assigned to him, when he is already written to fate — even if while still living in the mother he shares her lot for the most part.
I will also say something of the times of the being-born soul. Lawful birth is generally the entry of the tenth month. Those who reckon numbers even honor the decimal as parent of the rest and perfecter of human birth. I will argue this measure of time toward God rather: that ten months rather inaugurate a human by the Decalogue, so that we are born by as great a number of time as we are reborn by a number of discipline. And when birth is full in the seventh month more easily than the eighth, I will recognize the sabbath's honor, so that in the month on which God's creation was dedicated God's image may sometimes be brought forth — under the auspices of resurrection and rest and kingdom. Therefore the ogdoad does not create us; for then there will be no marriages. We have long recommended the partnership of flesh and soul from the gathering of the seeds themselves to the perfection of the fashioning; so now we also defend it from birth: first that they grow together, but by a divided reason according to the condition of kinds — flesh by measure, soul by talent; flesh by habit, soul by sense. Yet that the soul grows by substance must be denied, lest it also be said to decrease by substance and so be believed about to fail; but its force, in which the planted natural gifts are kept, is gradually drawn out with the flesh, the substance's measure safe by which it was inflated from the beginning. The flesh is the soul's house, and the soul the flesh's tenant. The tenant will want, for the house's sake through the whole time of tenancy, what will profit the house — not that he himself be underpinned, but only kept, because he cannot otherwise be kept than by a propped house. Otherwise, when the house has slipped from failure of former supports, the soul may depart unharmed, having its own stays and the foods of its own condition: immortality, rationality, sense, intellect, freedom of choice.
Latin
DE AETATE ANIMAE. [1] Omnem autem hominis in utero serendi struendi fingendi paraturam aliqua utique potestas diuinae uoluntatis ministra modulatur, quamcumque illam rationem agitare sortita. Haec aestimando etiam superstitio Romana deam finxit Alemonam alendi in utero fetus et Nonam et Decimam a sollicitioribus mensibus et Partulam, quae partum gubernet, et Lucinam, quae producat in lucem. Nos officia diuina angelos credimus. [2] Ex eo igitur fetus in utero homo, a quo forma completa est. Nam et Mosei lex tunc aborsus reum talionibus iudicat, cum iam hominis est causa, cum iam illi uitae et mortis status deputatur, cum et fato iam inscribitur, etsi adhuc in matre uiuendo cum matre plurimum communicat sortem. [3] Dicam aliquid et de temporibus animae nascentis, ut ordinem decurram. Legitima natiuitas ferme decimi mensis ingressus est. Qui numeros ratiocinantur, et decurialem numerum ut exinde reliquorum parentem colunt, denique perfectorem natiuitatis humanae. [4] Ego ad deum potius argumentabor hunc modum temporis, ut decem menses decalogo magis inaugurent hominem, ut tanto temporis numero nascamur quanto disciplinae numero renascimur. Sed et cum septimo mense natiuitas plena est facilius quam octauo, honorem sabbati agnoscam, ut quo die dedicata est dei conditio, eo mense interdum producatur dei imago. Concessum est properare natiuitati et tamen idonee occurrere in hebdomadem, in auspicia resurrectionis et requietis et regni. Ideo ogdoas nos non creat; tunc enim nuptiae non erunt.
[5] Societatem carnis atque animae iamdudum commendauimus a congregatione seminum ipsorum usque ad figmenti perfectionem; perinde nunc et a natiuitate defendimus, inprimis quod simul crescunt, sed diuisa ratione pro generum condicione, caro modulo, anima ingenio, caro habitu, anima sensu. Ceterum animam substantia crescere negandum est, ne etiam decrescere substantia dicatur atque ita et defectura credatur; sed uis eius, in qua naturalia peculia consita retinentur, saluo substantiae modulo, quo a primordio inflata est, paulatim cum carne producitur. [6] Constitue certum pondus auri uel argenti, rudem adhuc massam: collectus habitus est illi et futuro interim minor, tamen continens intra lineam moduli totum quod natura est auri uel argenti. Dehinc cum in laminam massa laxatur, maior efficitur initio suo per dilatationem ponderis certi, non per adiectionem, dum extenditur, non, dum augetur; etsi sic quoque augetur, dum extenditur: licet enim habitu augeri, cum statu non licet. [7] Tunc et splendor ipse prouehitur auri uel argenti, qui fuerat quidem et in massa, sed obscurior, non tamen nullus. Tunc et alii atque alii habitus accedunt pro facilitate materiae, qua duxerit eam qui aget, nihil conferens modulo nisi effigiem. Ita et animae crementa reputanda, non substantiua, sed prouocatiua. XXXVIII. DE CIBIS QVOMODO AD ANIMAM PERTINEANT. [1] Quamquam autem et retro praestruxerimus, omnia naturalia animae ipsi substantiae inesse pertinentia ad sensum et intellectum ex ingenito animae censu, sed paulatim per aetatis spatia procedere et uarie per accidentia euadere pro artibus, pro institutis, pro locis, pro dominatricibus potestatibus, quod tamen faciat ad carnis animaeque propositam nunc societatem, pubertatem quoque animalem cum carnali dicimus conuenire pariterque et illam suggestu sensuum et istam processu membrorum exsurgere a quarto decimo fere anno, non quia Asclepiades inde sapientiam supputat, nec quia iura ciuilia abhinc agendis rebus attemperant, sed quoniam et haec a primordio ratio est. [2] Si enim Adam et Eua ex agnitione boni et mali pudenda tegere senserunt, ex quo id ipsum sentimus, agnitionem boni et mali profitemur. Ab his autem annis et suffusior et uestitior sexus est, et concupiscentia oculis arbitris utitur et communicat placitum et intellegit quae sint et fines suos ad instar ficulneae contagionis prurigine accingit et hominem de paradiso integritatis educit, exinde scabida etiam in ceteras culpas et delinquendi non naturales, cum iam non ex instituto naturae, sed ex uitio. [3] Ceterum proprie naturalis concupiscentia unica est alimentorum solummodo, quam deus et in primordio contulit: ex omni ligno, inquit, edetis, et secundae post diluuium geniturae supermensus est: ecce dedi uobis omnia in escam tamquam olera faeni, prospectam non tam animae quam carni, etsi propter animam. Auferenda est enim argumentatoris occasio, qui quod anima desiderare uideatur alimenta, hinc quoque mortalem eam intellegi cupit, quae cibis sustineatur, denique derogatis eis euigescat, postremo subtractis intercidat. [4] Porro non solum proponendum est quisnam ea desideret, sed et cui; et si propter se, sed et cur et quando et quonam usque; tum quod aliud natura desideret, aliud necessitate, aliud secundum proprietatem, aliud in causam. Desiderabit igitur cibos anima sibi quidem ex causa necessitatis, carni uero ex natura proprietatis. Certe enim domus animae caro est, et inquilinus carnis anima. [5] Desiderabit itaque inquilinus ex causa et necessitate huius nominis profutura domui toto inquilinatus sui tempore, non ut ipse substruendus nec ut ipse loricandus nec ut ipse tibicinandus, sed tantummodo continendus, quia non aliter contineri possit quam domo fulta. [6] Alioquin licebit animae dilapsa domo ex destitutione priorum subsidiorum incolumi abire, habenti sua firmamenta et propriae condicionis alimenta, immortalitatem rationalitatem sensualitatem intellectualitatem arbitrii libertatem.