Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 20
Just as the many men who pull a ship would not cite many causes but one cause arising from many — for no single person is the cause of the ship being pulled, but each works together with the others — so philosophy, being a search for truth, is apprehended not as a cause of attaining truth but as a cause and helper together with other things; indeed, what is a joint cause may also be called a cause. Similarly, since happiness is one, the virtues that exist are many causes of it. And just as the sun, fire, a bath, and clothing all warm the body, so many things are apprehended for the search of the one truth, and the finding comes through the Son. If we consider the matter, virtue is one in power, yet it has come to be called prudence in some contexts, temperance in others, courage or justice in still others. By the same reasoning, with truth being one, in geometry it is geometric truth, in music it is musical truth, and in correct Greek philosophy it would be Greek truth. But the only sovereign truth, which admits no evasion, is the truth by which we are educated in the Son of God. We say this is like one and the same drachma being called passage-money by the shipowner, tax by the tax-collector, rent by the innkeeper, wages by the teacher, and earnest-money by the seller. And each virtue or truth, so named, is a cause of its own proper effect. Through the combined use of these, however, comes happy living — for we do not become happy because of names — when we call the right life happiness and call the one who has adorned his soul with virtue happy.
Even if philosophy is apprehended from afar for the finding of truth, extending through different efforts toward the knowledge that touches us directly, it is nevertheless apprehended by the one who logically endeavors to kindle a grasp of knowledge. But Greek truth is separated from our truth, even though it has shared the same name. It differs in greatness of knowledge, in more authoritative demonstration, in divine power, and in similar respects; for we are taught by God, truly sacred writings, educated by the Son of God. Hence they do not move souls in the same way, but by a different teaching. If, then, we must distinguish ourselves from those who love to dispute, by saying that philosophy is a joint cause and helper of true attainment, being a search for truth, we will confess it as a preparatory education for the knowing faculty — not treating the joint cause as a cause, nor the helper as something cohesive or as that without which philosophy would not be possible. For nearly all, without the Greek encyclical education and philosophy, and some even without writings, having been moved by the divine and barbarian philosophy, have received the account concerning God through faith, trained by self-acting wisdom.
What acts with another, being incomplete in itself to act, we call a helper and a joint cause — because it possesses a cause or becomes a cause when combined with another — but in itself it is not able to supply the true effect. And yet philosophy once justified the Greeks in itself, not with respect to righteousness in general, to which it is found to be a helper (just as the first and second step help the one ascending to the upper room, and the grammarian helps the one who will philosophize), nor as if its absence would either leave the general account lacking or abolish the truth; for sight, hearing, and voice contribute to truth, and the mind that knows it does so innately. Among helpers, however, some contribute more power, others less. For clarity helps with the transmission of truth, and dialectic helps with not falling into the heresies that press hard upon us. The teaching through the Savior, therefore, is self-sufficient and without need, being the power and wisdom of God; but Greek philosophy, when added, does not make the truth more powerful. Instead it renders the sophistical attempt against it impossible, and, acting as a fence against the deceitful plots against the truth, it is rightly called a fence and a thorn-hedge of the vineyard. And the truth according to faith is like bread, necessary for life; but philosophy is like a side-dish and a snack, a sweet dessert at the end of a feast, according to the Theban Pindar.
Scripture, however, has spoken outright: "The cunning will become innocent, understanding; and the wise will accept knowledge." And the Lord says, "The one who speaks from himself seeks his own glory, but the one who seeks the glory of the one who sent him is true, and there is no unrighteousness in him." On the contrary, the one who has seized the things of the barbarians and boasts of them as his own, increasing his own glory and lying about the truth, acts unrighteously. This one is called a thief by Scripture. For it says, "Do not become a liar, my son; for lying leads to theft" (Proverbs 10:9). And the thief, having taken something, truly possesses it, whether it be gold or silver or word or doctrine. Therefore, from the part they have stolen, they know truths, but only conjecturally and according to the necessities of words. Having become disciples, therefore, they will know in an attaining way.
Greek
Ὡς δὲ οἱ πολλοὶ ἄνθρωποι οἱ καθέλκοντες τὴν ναῦν οὐ πολλὰ αἴτια λέγοιντ’ ἄν, ἀλλ’ ἐκ πολλῶν αἴτιον ἕν (οὐκ ἔστι γὰρ αἴτιος ἕκαστος τοῦ καθέλκεσθαι τὴν ναῦν, ἀλλὰ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις), οὕτω καὶ ἡ φιλοσοφία πρὸς κατάληψιν τῆς ἀληθείας, ζήτησις οὖσα ἀληθείας, συλλαμβάνεται, οὐκ αἰτία οὖσα καταλήψεως, σὺν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις αἰτία καὶ συνεργός. τάχα δὲ καὶ τὸ συναίτιον αἴτιον. ὡς δὲ, ἑνὸς ὄντος τοῦ εὐδαιμονεῖν, αἴτιαι τυγχάνουσιν αἱ ἀρεταὶ πλείονες ὑπάρχουσαι. καὶ ὡς τοῦ θερμαίνεσθαι ὅ τε ἥλιος τό τε πῦρ βαλανεῖόν τε καὶ ἐσθής, οὕτω μιᾶς οὔσης τῆς ἀληθείας πολλὰ τὰ συλλαμβανόμενα πρὸς ζήτησιν αὐτῆς, ἡ δὲ εὕρεσις δἰ υἱοῦ. εἰ γοῦν σκοποῖμεν, μία κατὰ δύναμίν ἐστιν ἡ ἀρετή, ταύτην δὲ συμβέβηκεν τούτοις μὲν τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐγγενομένην λέγεσθαι φρόνησιν, ἐν τούτοις δὲ σωφροσύνην, ἐν τούτοις δὲ ἀνδρείαν ἢ δικαιοσύνην. ἀνὰ τὸν αὐτὸν οὖν λόγον, καὶ μιᾶς οὔσης ἀληθείας, ἐν γεωμετρίᾳ μὲν γεωμετρίας ἀλήθεια, ἐν μουσικῇ δὲ μουσικῆς, κἀν φιλοσοφίᾳ τῇ ὀρθῇ Ἑλληνικὴ εἴη ἂν ἀλήθεια. μόνη δὲ ἡ κυρία αὕτη ἀλήθεια ἀπαρεγχείρητος, ἢν παρὰ τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ θεοῦ παιδευόμεθα. τοῦτόν φαμεν τὸν τρόπον μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς δραχμῆς τῷ μὲν ναυκλήρῳ δοθείσης λέγεσθαι ναῦλον, τῷ δὲ τελώνῃ τέλος καὶ ἐνοίκιον μὲν τῶ σταθμούχῳ, μισθὸν δὲ τῷ διδασκάλῳ καὶ τῶ πιπράσκοντι ἀρραβῶνα. ἑκάστη δὲ εἴτε ἀρετὴ εἴτε καὶ ἀλήθεια συνωνύμως καλουμένη μόνου τοῦ καθ’ ἑαυτὴν ἀποτελέσματός ἐστιν αἰτία. κατὰ σύγχρησιν δὲ τούτων γίνεται τὸ εὐδαιμόνως ζῆν (μὴ γὰρ δὴ εὐδαιμονῶμεν πρὸς τὰ ὀνόματα), ὅταν τὸν ὀρθὸν βίον εὐδαιμονίαν λέγωμεν καὶ εὐδαίμονα τὸν κεκοσμημένον τὴν ψυχὴν ἐναρέτως. εἰ δὲ καὶ πόρρωθεν συλλαμβάνεται φιλοσοφία πρὸς τὴν ἀληθείας εὕρεσιν, κατὰ διαφόρους ἐπιβολὰς διατείνουσα ἐπὶ τὴν προσεχῶς ἁπτομένην τῆς ἀληθείας τὴν καθ’ ἡμᾶς εἴδησιν, ἀλλὰ συλλαμβάνεταί γε τῶ λογικῶς ἐπιχειρεῖν ἐσπουδακότι ἀνθάπτεσθαι γνώσεως. χωρίζεται δὲ ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ ἀλήθεια τῆς καθ’ ἡμᾶς, εἰ καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μετείληφεν ὀνόματος. καὶ μεγέθει γνώσεως καὶ ἀποδείξει κυριωτέρᾳ καὶ θεία δυνάμει καὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις· θεοδίδακτοι γὰρ ἡμεῖς, ἱερὰ ὄντως, γράμματα παρὰ τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ θεοῦ παιδευόμενοι· ἔνθεν οὐδ’ ὡσαύτως κινοῦσι τὰς ψυχάς, ἀλλὰ διαφόρῳ διδασκαλίᾳ. εἰ δὲ καὶ διαστέλλεσθαι ἡμᾶς διὰ τοὺς φιλεγκλήμονας δεήσει, συναίτιον τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ συνεργὸν λέγοντες τῆς ἀληθοῦς καταλήψεως, ζήτησιν οὖσαν ἀληθείας, προπαιδείαν αὐτὴν ὁμολογήσομεν τοῦ γνωστικοῦ οὐκ αἴτιον τιθέμενοι τὸ συναίτιον οὐδὲ μὴν τὸ συνεργὸν συνεκτικὸν οὐδ’ ὡς οὗ οὐκ ἄνευ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, ἐπεὶ σχεδὸν οἱ πάντες ἄνευ τῆς ἐγκυκλίου παιδείας καὶ φιλοσοφίας τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς, οἳ δὲ καὶ ἄνευ γραμμάτων, τῇ θείᾳ καὶ βαρβάρῳ κινηθέντες φιλοσοφίᾳ, δυνάμει τὸν περὶ θεοῦ διὰ πίστεως παρειλήφαμεν λόγον, αὐτουργῷ σοφίᾳ πεπαιδευμένοι. ὃ δὲ μεθ’ ἑτέρου ποιεῖ, ἀτελὲς ὂν καθ’ αὑτὸ ἐνεργεῖν, συνεργόν φαμεν καὶ συναίτιον ἀπὸ τοῦ δὺν αἰτίῳ αἴτιον ὑπάρχειν ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑτέρῳ συνελθὸν αἴτιον γίγνεσθαι ὠνομασμένον, καθ’ ἑαυτὸ δὲ μὴ δύνασθαι τὸ ἀποτέλεσμα τὸ κατ’ ἀλήθειαν παρέχειν. καίτοι καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτὴν ἐδικαίου ποτὲ καὶ ἡ φιλοσοφία τοὺς Ἕλληνας, οὐκ εἰς τὴν καθόλου δὲ δικαιοσύνην, εἰς ἣν εὑρίσκεται συνεργός(καθάπερ καὶ ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ δεύτερος βαθμὸς τῷ εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον ἀνιόντι καὶ γραμματιστὴς τῷ φιλοσοφήσοντι), οὐδ’ ὡς κατὰ τὴν ἀφαίρεσιν αὐτῆς ἤτοι ἐλλείπειν τῷ καθόλου λόγῳ ἢ ἀναιρεῖσθαι τὴν ἀλήθειαν, ἐπεὶ ἡ ὄψις συμβάλλεται καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ καὶ ἡ φωνὴ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν, νοῦς δὲ ὁ γνωρίζων αὐτὴν προσφυῶς. ἀλλὰ τῶν συνεργῶν τὰ μὲν πλείονα, τὰ δ’ ἐλάσσονα προσφέρεται δύναμιν. ἡ γοῦν σαφήνεια συνεργεῖ πρὸς τὴν παράδοσιν τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ ἡ διαλεκτικὴ πρὸς τὸ μὴ ὑποπίπτειν ταῖς κατατρεχούσαις αἱρέσεσιν. αὐτοτελὴς μὲν οὖν καὶ ἀπροσδεὴς ἡ κατὰ τὸν σωτῆρα διδασκαλία, δύναμις οὖσα καὶ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ, προσιοῦσα δὲ φιλοσοφία ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ οὐ δυνατωτέραν ποιεῖ τὴν ἀλήθειαν, ἀλλ’ ἀδύνατον παρέχουσα τὴν κατ’ αὐτῆς σοφιστικὴν ἐπιχείρησιν καὶ διακρουομένη τὰς δολερὸς κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐπιβουλὰς φραγμὸς οἰκείως εἴρηται καὶ θριγκὸς εἶναι τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος. καὶ ἣ μὲν ὡς ἄρτος ἀναγκαία πρὸς τὸ ζῆν, ἡ κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ἀλήθεια· ἡ προπαιδεία δὲ προσοψήματι ἔοικεν καὶ τραγήματι, δείπνου δὲ λήγοντος γλυκὺ τρωγάλιον κατὰ τὸν Θηβαῖον Πίνδαρον. ἄντικρυς δὲ ἐξεῖπεν ἡ γραφή· πανουργότερος ἔσται ἄκακος συνίων, ὁ δὲ σοφὸς δέξεται γνῶσιν. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἀφ’ ἑαυτοῦ λαλῶν τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἰδίαν ζητεῖ, φησὶν ὁ κύριος, ὁ δὲ ζητῶν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ πέμψαντος αὐτὸν ἀληθής ἐστι καὶ ἀδικία οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτῷ. ἔμπαλιν οὖν ἀδικεῖ ὁ σφετερισάμενος τὰ βαρβάρων καὶ ὡς ἴδια αὐχῶν, τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δόξαν αὔξων καὶ ψευδόμενος τὴν ἀλήθειαν. οὗτος κλέπτης ὑπὸ τῆς γραφῆς εἴρηται. φησὶ γοῦν· υἱέ, μὴ γίνου ψεύστης· ὁδηγεῖ γὰρ τὸ ψεῦσμα πρὸς τὴν κλοπήν. ἤδη δὲ ὁ κλέπτης ὅπερ ὑφελόμενος ἔχει ἀληθῶς κἂν χρυσίον ᾖ κἂν ἄργυρος κἂν λόγος κἂν δόγμα. ἐκ μέρους τοίνυν, ἃ κεκλόφασιν, ἀληθῆ μέν, στοχαστικῶς δὲ καὶ ταῖς τῶν λόγων ἀνάγκαις ἴσασι. μαθητευθέντες οὖν καταληπτικῶς ἐπιγνώσονται.