Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 14
What follows must now be taken up, and the Greek appropriation of barbarian philosophy must be demonstrated more clearly. The Stoics say that God is a body and spirit in essence, just as they say the soul is. You will find all these things stated plainly in the Scriptures. Do not suppose that I am now treating their allegories as the truth which the gnosis delivers, if they show one thing while indicating another, just as the wise wrestlers of old did. But while they claim that God pervades all of existence, we call Him only the Creator, the Creator by His Word. The statement in Wisdom led them astray: "He passes through and fills all things because of His purity" (Wisdom 7:24), because they did not understand that these things are said of the primal wisdom created by God. "Yes," they say, "but the philosophers posit matter in the beginnings—both the Stoics, Plato, Pythagoras, and Aristotle the Peripatetic—not a single principle." Let them know, then, that the so-called matter is said by them to be without quality and without shape, and more boldly still, Plato says it does not exist. And in the Timaeus, knowing the most mystical, truly existing principle, he speaks in the very same words. Now then, let our position be this: the question concerning all things—whether principle or principles, or whatever they think about them—is not to be spoken of now, for no other reason than that it is difficult to set forth the things that seem right in the present manner of exposition. Besides, the prophetic utterance, "The earth was invisible and unformed" (Genesis 1:2), has given them an opening for material existence. For Epicurus, the intrusion of chance did not follow from what was said, and so came "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity" (Ecclesiastes 1:2). And for Aristotle, providence reached only as far as the moon, drawing from this psalm: "Lord, Your mercy is in the heavens, and Your truth reaches to the clouds" (Psalm 36:5). For the prophetic revelation of mysteries had not yet been disclosed before the coming of the Lord. The punishments after death and the punishment by fire—all the poetic Muses, and Greek philosophy as well—owed these to barbarian philosophy. For Plato, in the last book of the Republic, says in these very words: "Here indeed wild men, fiery to look upon, stood by, discerning the cry; taking some privately, they led them away, but Aridaeus and the others, binding their hands, feet, and heads, throwing them down and flaying them, dragged them along the road outside, tearing them on thorns." For the fiery men, he says, represent angels who take the unjust and punish them: "He who makes His angels spirits, and His ministers a flame of fire" (Psalm 104:4). It follows from this that the soul is immortal. For what is punished or disciplined, being in sensation, lives, even if it is said to suffer. What then? Does Plato not know of rivers of fire and the depth of the earth, calling the Gehenna of the barbarians 'Tartarus' poetically, and introducing Cocytus, Acheron, Pyriphlegethon, and such places as penal realms for the purpose of discipline and chastening?
Greek
τὰ δ’ ἑξῆς προςαποδοτέον καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας Ελληνικὴν κλοπὴν σαφέστερον ἤδη παραστατέον. Φασὶ γὰρ σῶμα εἶναι τὸν θεὸν οἱ Στωϊκοὶ καὶ πνεῦμα κατ’ οὐσίαν, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει καὶ τὴν ψυχήν. πάντα ταῦτα ἄντικρυς εὑρήσεις ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς. μὴ γάρ μοι τὰς ἀλληγορίας αὐτῶν ἐννοήσῃς τὰ νῦν ὡς ἡ γνωστικὴ παραδίδωσιν ἀλήθεια, εἰ ἄλλο τι δεικνύουσαι, καθάπερ οἱ σοφοὶ παλαισταί, ἄλλο μηνύουσιν. ἀλλ’ οἳ μὲν διήκειν διὰ πάσης τῆς οὐσίας τὸν θεόν φασιν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ποιητὴν μόνον αὐτὸν καλοῦμεν καὶ λόγῳ ποιητήν. παρήγαγεν δὲ αὐτοὺς τὸ ἐν τῇ Σοφίᾳ εἰρημένον διήκει δὲ καὶ χωρεῖ διὰ πάντων διὰ τὴν καθαριότητα, ἐπεὶ μὴ συνῆκαν λέγεσθαι ταῦτα ἐπὶ τῆς σοφίας τῆς πρωτοκτίστου τῷ θεῷ. ναί, φασίν, ἀλλὰ ὕλην ὑποτίθενται οἱ φιλόσοφοι ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς, οἵ τε Στωϊκοὶ καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Πυθαγόρας, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὁ Περιπατητικός, οὐχὶ δὲ μίαν ἀρχήν. ἴστωσαν οὖν τὴν καλουμένην ὕλην ἄποιον καὶ ἀσχημάτιστον λεγομένην πρὸς αὐτῶν, καὶ τολμηρότερον ἤδη μὴ ὂν πρὸς τοῦ Πλάτωνος εἰρῆσθαι. καὶ μή τι μυστικώτατα μίαν τὴν ὄντως οὖσαν ἀρχὴν εἰδὼς ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ αὐταῖς φησι λέξεσιν· νῦν δ’ οὖν τὸ παρ’ ἡμῶν ὧδε ἐχέτω· τὴν μὲν περὶ πάντων εἴτε ἀρχὴν εἴτε ἀρχὰς εἴτε ὅπῃ δοκεῖ τούτων πέρι, τὸ νῦν οὐ ῥητέον, δἰ ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, διὰ δὲ τὸ χαλεπὸν εἶναι κατὰ τὸν παρόντα τρόπον τῆς διεξόδου δηλῶσαι τὰ δοκοῦντα. ἄλλως τε ἡ λέξις ἡ προφητικὴ ἐκείνη ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος ἀφορμὰς αὐτοῖς ὑλικῆς οὐσίας παρέσχηται. Ναὶ μὴν Ἐπικούρῳ μὲν ἡ τοῦ αὐτομάτου παρείσδυσις οὐ παρακολουθήσαντι τῷ ῥητῷ γέγονεν ἐντεῦθεν ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων, τὰ πάντα ματαιότης. Ἀριστοτέλει δὲ μέχρι σελήνης ἐπῆλθε καταγαγεῖν τὴν πρόνοιαν ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ ψαλμοῦ· κύριε, ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τὸ ἔλεός σου καὶ ἡ ἀλήθειά σου ἕως τῶν νεφελῶν. οὐδέπω γὰρ ἀποκεκάλυπτο ἡ τῶν προφητικῶν δήλωσις μυστηρίων πρὸ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου παρουσίας. Τάς τε αὖ μετὰ θάνατον κολάσεις καὶ τὴν διὰ πυρὸς τιμωρίαν ἀπὸ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας ἥ τε ποιητικὴ πᾶσα μοῦσα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ φιλοσοφία ὑφείλετο. Πλάτων γοῦν ἐν τῷ τελευταίῳ τῆς Πολιτείας αὐταῖς φησι ταῖς λέξεσιν· ἐνταῦθα δὴ ἄνδρες ἄγριοι, διάπυροι ἰδεῖν, παρεστῶτες, καταμανθάνοντες τὸ φθέγμα, τοὺς μὲν ἰδίᾳ παραλαβόντες ἦγον, τὸν δὲ Ἀριδαῖον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους συμποδίσαντες χεῖράς τε καὶ πόδας καὶ κεφαλήν, καταβαλόντες καὶ ἐκδείραντες, εἷλκον παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκτὸς ἐπ’ ἀσπαλάθων κνάπτοντες. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄνδρες οἱ διάπυροι ἀγγέλους αὐτῷ βούλονται δηλοῦν, οἳ παραλαβόντες τοὺς ἀδίκους κολάζουσιν· ὁ ποιῶν, φησί, τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα καὶ τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πῦρ φλέγον. ἕπεται δὲ τούτοις τὴν ψυχὴν εἶναι ἀθάνατον. τὸ γὰρ κολαζόμενον ἢ παιδευόμενον ἐν αἰσθήσει ὂν ζῇ, κἂν πάσχειν λέγηται. τί δ’; οὐκ οἶδεν ὁ Πλάτων καὶ πυρὸς ποταμοὺς καὶ τῆς γῆς τὸ βάθος, τὴν πρὸς τῶν βαρβάρων Γέενναν καλουμένην Τάρταρον ποιητικῶς ὀνομάζων, Κωκυτόν τε καὶ Ἀχέροντα καὶ Πυριφλεγέθοντα καὶ τοιαῦτά τινα εἰς τὴν παίδευσιν σωφρονίζοντα παρεισάγων κολαστήρια;