Obedience to rulers, but no oath by the emperor’s fortune
We, however, must scorn to win the favour of men and kings, not only if we would win it by murders, by debauchery and by the most savage deeds, but also if we would win it by impiety toward the God of the universe, or by any word spoken with servility and abjectness. Such words are foreign to brave and great-souled men, who wish to take up endurance, as the greatest of virtues, together with the other virtues. Yet where we do nothing contrary to the law and word of God, we are not mad, nor are we eager to rouse against ourselves the anger of a king or a ruler, which would bring us to outrages and tortures, or even to death. For we have also read: “Let every soul be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been appointed by God; so whoever resists the authority resists what God has ordained” (Romans 13:1–2).
In our commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans we examined these words too, more fully and from various sides, as far as we were able. Here we have taken them more simply, according to the more common interpretation, to suit the matter in hand, since Celsus says: “Not even these men have been granted the things of this world without the power of demons.” And since the subject of the appointment of kings and rulers is a large one, and the passage raises much inquiry because of those who have ruled with cruelty and tyranny, or those who, once in power, have run aground on softness and luxury, we have for that reason put off examining the problem for the present.
We do not, however, swear by the fortune of the emperor, any more than by any other supposed god. For if, as some have put it, fortune is only a way of speaking, like “seeming” and “distance,” then we do not swear by what does not exist at all as though it were a god, or as though it had any real existence and could do anything, so that we may not apply the power of an oath where it ought not to be applied. Or if, as some have held when they say, “Those who swear by the fortune of the Roman emperor swear by his demon,” what is called the emperor’s fortune is a demon, then in that case we must rather die than swear by a wicked and faithless demon, which often sins along with the man to whom it was allotted, or even sins more than he does.
Greek
Ἡμῖν μέντοι γε καταφρονητέον ἐξευμενισμοῦ ἀνθρώπων καὶ βασιλέων, οὐ μόνον ἐὰν διὰ μιαιφονιῶν καὶ ἀσελγειῶν καὶ ὠμοτάτων πράξεων ἐξευμενιζώμεθα αὐτοὺς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐὰν διὰ τῆς εἰς τὸν θεὸν τῶν ὅλων ἀσεβείας ἤ τινος μετὰ δουλοπρεπείας καὶ ταπεινότητος φωνῆς, ἀλλοτρίας ἀνδρείων καὶ μεγαλοψύχων ἀνδρῶν καὶ τὴν καρτερίαν ὡς μεγίστην ἀρετὴν συναναλαβεῖν ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐθελόντων. ἔνθα μέντοι οὐδὲν ἐναντίον πράττομεν νόμῳ καὶ λόγῳ θεοῦ, οὐ μεμήναμεν οὐδ᾿ ὁρμῶμεν καθ᾿ ἑαυτῶν ἐγείρειν βασιλέως ἢ δυνάστου θυμὸν, ἐπὶ αἰκίας καὶ βασανιστήρια ἢ καὶ θανάτους ἡμᾶς φέροντα. ἀνέγνωμεν γὰρ καὶ τὸ „πᾶσα ψυχὴ ἐξουσίαις ὑπερεχούσαις ὑποτασσέσθω. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐξουσία εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ θεοῦ, αἱ δὲ οὖσαι ὑπὸ θεοῦ τεταγμέναι εἰσίν· ὥστε οἱ ἀνθεστηκότες τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ διαταγῇ ἀνθίστανται.“ ἐν μέντοι γε τοῖς εἰς τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐξηγητικοῖς, ὡς δυνατὸν ἦν ἡμῖν, ἐπὶ πλεῖον καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα ποικίλως ἐξητάσαμεν· νῦν δ᾿ αὐτὰ εἰς τὸ προκείμενον ἁπλούστερον κατὰ τὴν κοινοτέραν ἐκδοχὴν παρειλήφαμεν, ἐπείπερ φησὶν ὁ Κέλσος· οὐδὲ τούτους ἄνευ δαιμονίας ἰσχύος τῶν τῇδε εἶναι ἠξιωμένους. καὶ ἐπεὶ πολὺς ἦν ὁ λόγος ὁ περὶ τῆς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ δυναστῶν καταστάσεως, πολλῆς ζητήσεως οὔσης κατὰ τὸν τόπον διὰ τοὺς ὠμότερον καὶ τυραννικώτερον ἄρξαντας ἢ τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ ἄρχειν ἐπὶ θρύψιν καὶ τρυφὴν ἐξοκείλαντας, διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος τὸ πρόβλημα ἐξετάσαι ὑπερεθέμεθα. τύχην μέντοι βασιλέως οὐκ ὄμνυμεν ὡς οὐδ᾿ ἄλλον νομιζόμενον θεόν· εἴτε γὰρ, ὡς ὠνόμασάν τινες, ἐκφορὰ μόνον ἐστὶν ἡ τύχη ὁμοίως δοκήσει καὶ διαστάσει, οὐκ ὄμνυμεν τὸ μηδαμῶς ὂν ὡς θεὸν ἢ ὅλως ὑφεστηκὸς καὶ δυνάμενόν τι ποιῆσαι, ἵνα μὴ τὴν ὀμοτικὴν δύναμιν εἰς ἃ μὴ δεῖ παραλαμβάνωμεν, εἴτε καὶ (ὥς τισιν ἔδοξεν εἰποῦσι· τοῦ Ῥωμαίων βασιλέως τὸν δαίμονα ὀμνῦσιν οἱ τὴν τύχην αὐτοῦ ὀμνύοντες) δαίμων ἐστὶν ἡ ὀνομαζομένη τύχη τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ οὕτως ἀποθανετέον ἐστὶ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ὀμόσαι μοχθηρὸν δαίμονα καὶ ἄπιστον, πολλάκις συνεξαμαρτάνοντα ᾧ ἔλαχεν ἀνθρώπῳ ἢ καὶ πλέον αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτάνοντα.