How evil began, and who the Adversary is
For what is good by accident, as something added on, could not be good in the same way as what is good in its essence. Such goodness would never fall away from one who takes in, so to speak, the living bread (John 6:51) to preserve himself. If it falls away from anyone, it falls away through his own fault, because he grew careless about partaking of the living bread and the true drink (John 6:55). Fed and watered by these, the wing is restored, as the most wise Solomon also says, speaking of the man who is truly rich: “For he has made himself wings like an eagle’s, and he returns to the house of the one who is set over him” (Proverbs 23:5).
For it was fitting that God, who knows how to make due use even of those who have come to be what they are through wickedness, should assign such wicked beings a place somewhere in the universe, and should set up a training-ground for virtue, open to those who wish to strive “lawfully” (2 Timothy 2:5) to win it back. So, tested like gold in the fire (Sirach 2:5; 1 Peter 1:7) by the wickedness of these, and doing everything so as to let nothing counterfeit into their rational nature, they may show themselves worthy of the ascent to divine things and be drawn up by the Word to the highest blessedness of all and, so to speak, to the summit of good things.
He who in the language of the Hebrews is called Satan, and by some, in a more Greek form, Satanas, is, when translated into Greek, “Adversary.” Everyone who has chosen wickedness and the life that goes with it, since he does what is contrary to virtue, is a Satan, that is, an adversary of the Son of God, who is righteousness and truth and wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:30; John 14:6). But in the more proper sense the Adversary is he who, first of all those who were at peace and living in blessedness, shed his wings and fell from blessedness. He, as Ezekiel says, walked “blameless” in all his ways, until lawlessness was found in him (Ezekiel 28:15); and though he was “a seal of likeness and a crown of beauty” (Ezekiel 28:12) in the paradise of God (Ezekiel 28:13), as though sated with good things he came to destruction, as the word spoken to him with a hidden meaning says: “You have become destruction, and you shall be no more for ever” (Ezekiel 28:19).
These few things, then, we have set out boldly and at some risk in committing them to this treatise, though perhaps they amount to nothing. But if anyone with leisure for the close testing of the sacred writings were to gather from every part of them a full body of teaching about wickedness, how it first came to be and in what way it is brought to an end, he would see that neither Celsus nor any of those whose souls are dragged down and drawn away by this evil demon from God, from the right conception of him, and from his Word, has so much as dreamed of what Moses and the prophets meant about Satan.
Greek
Οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τ᾿ ἦν ὁμοίως εἶναι τῷ οὐσιωδῶς ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθὸν τὸ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς καὶ ἐξ ἐπιγενήματος ἀγαθόν· ὅπερ τῷ μὲν, ἵν᾿ οὕτως ὀνομάσω, τὸν ζῶντα ἄρτον ἀναλαμβάνοντι εἰς τὴν τήρησιν ἑαυτοῦ οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἀποσυμβαίῃ. εἰ δέ τινι ἀποσυμβαίνει, παρὰ τὴν αἰτίαν ἐκείνου ἀποσυμβαίνει, ῥᾳθυμήσαντος περὶ τὸ (μετα) λαμβάνειν τοῦ ζῶντος ἄρτου καὶ τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ ποτοῦ· ἀφ᾿ ὧν τρεφόμενον καὶ ἀρδόμενον ἐπισκευάζεται τὸ πτερὸν καὶ κατὰ τὸν σοφώτατον Σολομῶντα, εἰπόντα περὶ τοῦ κατ᾿ ἀλήθειαν πλουσίου ὅτι „κατεσκεύασεν γὰρ αὐτῷ πτέρυγας ὥσπερ ἀετὸς, καὶ ἐπιστρέφει εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ προεστηκότος ἑαυτοῦ.“ ἐχρῆν γὰρ τὸν ἐπιστάμενον συγχρῆσθαι θεὸν εἰς δέον καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ κακίας ὑποστᾶσιν κατατάξαι που τοῦ παντὸς τοὺς οὑτωσὶ κακοὺς καὶ γυμνάσιον τὸ ὑπὲρ ἀρετῆς ποιῆσαι ἐκκεῖσθαι τοῖς βουλομένοις „νομίμως“ ἀθλεῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ αὐτὴν ἀναλαβεῖν· ἵν᾿ ὡς χρυσὸς ἐν πυρὶ τῇ τῶνδε κακίᾳ βασανισθέντες καὶ πάντα πράξαντες, ἵνα μηδὲν κίβδηλον πρόωνται ἐπὶ τὴν λογικὴν ἑαυτῶν φύσιν, ἄξιοι φανέντες, τῆς εἰς τὰ θεῖα ἀναβάσεως ἀνιμηθῶσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνωτάτω πάντων μακαριότητα καὶ, ἵν᾿ οὕτως ὀνομάσω, ἀκρώρειαν τῶν ἀγαθῶν. ὁ δ᾿ Ἑβραίων διαλέκτῳ Σατᾶν καὶ Ἑλληνικώτερον ὑπό τινων ὀνομασθεὶς Σατανᾶς μεταλαμβανόμενος εἰς Ἑλλάδα φωνήν ἐστιν ἀντικείμενος. πᾶς δὲ ὁ τὴν κακίαν ἑλόμενος καὶ τὸν κατ᾿ αὐτὴν βίον ὡς τὰ ἐναντία πράττων τῇ ἀρετῇ Σατανᾶς ἐστι, τουτέστιν ἀντικείμενος τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὄντι δικαιοσύνη καὶ ἀλήθεια καὶ σοφία. κυριώτερον δὲ ἀντικείμενός ἐστιν ὁ πρῶτος πάντων εἰρηνευόντων καὶ μακαρίως διαγόντων πτεροῤῥυήσας καὶ ἐκπεσὼν τῆς μακαριότητος· ὃς κατὰ τὸν Ἰεζεκιὴλ περιεπάτησεν „ἄμωμος“ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ, ἕως εὑρεθῇ ἀνομία ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ ὢν „ἀποσφράγισμα ὁμοιώσεως καὶ στέφανος κάλλους“ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ τοῦ θεοῦ οἱονεὶ κορεσθεὶς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐν ἀπωλείᾳ ἐγένετο κατὰ τὸν εἰπόντα μυστικῶς πρὸς αὐτὸν λόγον· „ἀπώλεια ἐγένου καὶ οὐχ ὑπάρξεις εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.“ ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὀλίγα ἀποτετολμημένως καὶ παρακεκινδυνευμένως τῇδε τῇ γραφῇ πιστεύσαντες ἐξεθέμεθα τάχα οὐδέν· εἰ δέ τις σχολάσας τῇ βασάνῳ τῶν ἱερῶν γραμμάτων πανταχόθεν σωματοποιήσαι τον περὶ τῆς κακίας λόγον, καὶ ὡς ὑπέστη πρῶτον καὶ τίνα τρόπον καταλύεται, ἴδοι ἂν ὅτι οὐδ᾿ ὄναρ ἐφαντάσθη τὸ Μωϋσέως καὶ τῶν προφητῶν περὶ τοῦ Σατανᾶ βούλημα οὔτε Κέλσος οὔτε τις τῶν ὑπὸ τούτου τοῦ πονηροῦ δαίμονος καθελκομένων καὶ κατασπωμένων ἀπὸ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς περὶ αὐτοῦ ὀρθῆς ἐννοίας καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχήν.