Celsus on Satan and the old myths of a war in heaven
Next, starting afresh from another point, Celsus says the following against us: “They also fall into some most impious errors, in connection with this very great ignorance, which has likewise wandered away from divine riddles: they make someone an opponent of God, and they name this same being ‘devil’ and, in the Hebrew tongue, ‘Satan.’ Besides, these notions are wholly the thoughts of mortals, and it is not even holy to say that the greatest God, when he wishes to do men some good, has someone working against him and is powerless. So, then, the Son of God is defeated by the devil, and, being punished by him, teaches us also to despise the punishments he inflicts. He foretells that Satan too will appear in like manner and display great and marvellous works, claiming for himself the glory of God, and that men must not be led astray by these and choose to turn aside to the other, but must believe in himself alone” (Matthew 24:24). “These are plainly the words of a sorcerer who is out for gain, and who guards himself in advance against those who hold rival opinions and gather rival crowds.”
Then, wishing next to set out the riddles which, he thinks, we have misheard and so bring in what we say about Satan, he says that the ancients hint at a kind of divine war. Heraclitus, for one, speaks thus: “One must know that war is common to all, and that justice is strife, and that all things come to be through strife and run their course” (Heraclitus, fragment 80). Pherecydes, who lived long before Heraclitus, tells a myth of army drawn up in battle against army: he makes Kronos the leader of one and Ophioneus of the other, and relates their challenges and contests; and they make a compact that whichever side falls into Ogenos should be the vanquished, while those who drive them out and conquer should hold heaven. He says that the mysteries about the Titans and Giants, who are reported to fight against the gods, also bear this meaning, and so do the Egyptian stories about Typhon, Horus and Osiris.
Then, having set out such things without explaining how those stories hold a higher meaning while ours are mishearings of them, he heaps abuse on us, saying that those stories are not like the ones about a daemon who is a devil, or (as is said with more truth) about a human sorcerer holding rival opinions. He takes Homer in the same way, as hinting at things like those in Heraclitus and Pherecydes and in those who bring in the mysteries about the Titans and Giants, in these words of Hephaestus to Hera: “For once before, when I was eager to defend you, he seized me by the foot and hurled me from the divine threshold” (Homer, Iliad 1.590–591); and in these words of Zeus to Hera: “Do you not remember when you hung on high, and from your feet I let down two anvils, and around your hands I cast a golden band that none could break? You hung in the upper air and the clouds, and the gods throughout high Olympus were indignant, yet they could not stand near and set you free; but whomever I caught I would seize and hurl from the threshold, until he reached the earth with his strength spent” (Homer, Iliad 15.18–24).
In explaining the Homeric verses he says that the words of Zeus to Hera are words of God to matter, and that the words to matter hint that from the beginning matter was in disorder, and God took it in hand, bound it together by certain proportions and set it in order; and that the daemons around it, as many as are insolent, he hurls away, punishing them with the journey down here. He says that Pherecydes, understanding these verses of Homer in this way, said: “Below that portion is the portion of Tartarus; the daughters of Boreas, the Harpies and Thyella, guard it; there Zeus casts out any of the gods whenever one grows insolent.” He says that the robe of Athena, which all behold in the procession of the Panathenaea, also bears such ideas. “For it shows,” he says, “that a motherless and undefiled divinity masters the earthborn in their arrogance.”
Having accepted the fictions of the Greeks, he adds, by way of accusing our teachings, that the Son of God is punished by the devil, and that he teaches us also to endure when we are punished by the same one. “These things too are utterly ridiculous. For it would have been right, I think, to punish the devil, and not to threaten the men whom he had slandered.”
Greek
Ἑξῆς δὲ τούτοις ἀπὸ ἄλλης ἀρχῆς ὁ Κέλσος τοιαῦτά φησι καθ᾿ ἡμῶν· σφάλλονται δὲ ἀσεβέστατα ἄττα καὶ περὶ τήνδε τὴν μεγίστην ἄγνοιαν, ὁμοίως ἀπὸ θείων αἰνιγμάτων πεπλανημένην, ποιοῦντες τῷ θεῷ ἐναντίον τινὰ, διάβολόν τε καὶ γλώττῃ Ἑβραίᾳ Σατανᾶν ὀνομάζοντες τὸν αὐτόν. ἄλλως μὲν ουν παντελῶς θνητὰ ταῦτα καὶ οὐδ᾿ ὅσια λέγειν, ὅτι δὴ ὁ μέγιστος θεὸς, βουλόμενός τι ἀνθρώπους ὠφελῆσαι, τὸν ἀντιπράσσοντα ἔχει καὶ ἀδυνατεῖ. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ παῖς ἄρα ἡττᾶται ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου, καὶ κολαζόμενος ὑπ᾿ διδάσκει καὶ ἡμᾶς τῶν. ὑπὸ τούτῳ κολάσεων καταφρονεῖν, προαγορεύων ὡς ἄρα ὁ Σατανᾶς καὶ αὐτὸς ὁμοίως φανεὶς ἐπιδείξεται μεγάλα ἔργα καὶ θαυμαστὰ, σφετεριζόμενος τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δόξαν· οἷς οὐ χρὴ (πλανηθῆ) ναι βουληθέντας ἀποτρέπεσθαι πρὸς ἐκεῖνον, ἀλλὰ μόνῳ πιστεύειν ἑαυτῷ. ταῦτα μέν γε ἐστὶν ἄντικρυς ἀνθρώπου γόητος, ἐργολαβοῦντος καὶ προφυλαττομένου τοὺς ἀντιδοξοῦντάς τε καὶ ἀνταγείροντας. εἶθ᾿ ἑξῆς τούτοις (ἐκτίθεσθαι) βουλόμενος τὰ αἰνίγματα, ὧν οἴεται παρακηκοότας ἡμᾶς τὰ περὶ τοῦ Σατανᾶ εἰσάγειν, φησὶ θεῖόν τινα πόλεμον αἰνίττεσθαι τοὺς παλαιοὺς, Ἡράκλειτον μὲν λέγοντα ὧδε· „εἰδέ (ναι) χρὴ τὸν πόλεμον ἐόντα ξυνὸν καὶ δίκην ἔριν, καὶ γινόμενα πάντα κατ᾿ ἔριν καὶ χωρεόμενα“· Φερεκύδην δὲ πολλῷ ἀρχαιότερον γενόμενον Ἡρακλείτου μυθοποιΐαν, στρατείαν στρατείᾳ παραταττομένην. καὶ τῆς μὲν ἡγεμόνα Κρόνον διδόναι τῆς ἑτέρας δὲ Ὀφιονέα, προκλήσεις τε καὶ ἁμίλλας αὐτῶν ἱστορεῖν. συνθήκας τε αὐτοῖς γίνεσθαι, ἵν᾿ ὁπότεροι αὐτῶν εἰς τὸν Ὠγηνὸν ἐμπέσωσι, τούτους μὲν εἶναι νενικημένους, τοὺς δ᾿ ἐξώσαντας καὶ νικήσαντας τούτους ἔχειν τὸν οὐρανόν. τούτου δὲ τοῦ βουλήματός φησιν ἔχεσθαι καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Τιτᾶνας καὶ Γίγαντας μυστήρια. θεομαχεῖν ἀπαγγελλομένους, καὶ τὰ παρ᾿ Αἰγυπτίοις περὶ Τυφῶνος καὶ Ὥρου καὶ Ὀσίριδος. εἶτ᾿ ἐκθέμενος τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ μὴ παραμυθησάμενος, τίνα τρόπον ἐκεῖνα μὲν λόγου ἔχεται κρείττονος ταῦτα δέ ἐστιν ἐκείνων παρακούσματα, διαλοιδορεῖται ἡμῖν λέγων μὴ εἶναι ἐκεῖνα ὅμοια τοῖς περὶ διαβόλου δαίμονος ἢ (ὅπερ φασὶν ἀληθέστερον) ἀνθρώπου γόητος ἀντιδοξοῦντος. οὕτω δ᾿ ἀκούει καὶ Ὁμήρου, ὡς τὰ παραπλήσια τῷ Ἡρακλείτῳ καὶ Φερεκύδῃ καὶ τοῖς τὰ περὶ Τιτᾶνας καὶ Γίγαντας μυστήρια εἰσάγουσιν αἰνισσομένου ἐν τούτοις (τοῖς) τοῦ Ἡφαίστου πρὸς τὴν Ἥραν λόγοις, φάσκοντος· ἤδη γάρ (με) καὶ ἄλλοτ᾿ ἀλεξέμεναι μεμαῶτα ῥῖψε ποδὸς τεταγὼν ἀπὸ βηλοῦ θεσπεσίοιο, καὶ τοῖς τοῦ Διὸς πρὸς τὴν Ἥραν οὕτως· ἦ οὐ μέμνῃ, ὅτε τ᾿ ἐκρέμω ὑψόθεν, ἐκ δὲ ποδοῖιν ἄκμονας ἧκα δύω, περὶ χερσὶ δὲ δεσμὸν ἴηλα χρύσεον ἄῤῥηκτον; σὺ δ᾿ ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσιν ἐκρέμω· ἠλάστεον δὲ θεοὶ κατὰ μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον. λῦσαι δ᾿ οὐκ ἐδύναντο παρασταδόν· ὃν δὲ λάβοιμι, ῥίπτασκον τεταγὼν ἀπὸ βηλοῦ, ὄφρ᾿ ἂν ἵκοιτο γῆν ὀλιγηπελέων· καὶ διηγούμενός γε τὰ Ὁμηρικὰ ἔπη φησὶ λόγους εἶναι τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην τοὺς λόγους τοῦ Διὸς πρὸς τὴν Ἥραν, τοὺς δὲ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην λόγους αἰνίττεσθαι ὡς ἄρα ἐξ ἀρχῆς αὐτὴν πλημμελῶς ἔχουσαν διαλαβὼν ἀναλογίαις τισὶ συνέδησε καὶ ἐκόσμησεν ὁ θεὸς, καὶ ὅτι τοὺς περὶ αὐτὴν δαίμονας, ὅσοι ὑβρισταὶ, τούτους ἀποῤῥιπτεῖ κολάζων αὐτοὺς τῇ δεῦρο ὁδῷ. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ Ὁμήρου ἔπη οὕτω νοηθέντα τὸν Φερεκύδην φησὶν εἰρηκέναι τό· „κείνης δὲ τῆς μοίρας ἔνερθέν ἐστιν ἡ ταρταρίη μοῖρα· φυλάσσουσι δ᾿ αὐτὴν θυγατέρες Βορέου Ἅρπυιαί τε καὶ Θύελλα, ἔνθα Ζεὺς ἐκβάλλει θεῶν οταν τις ἐξυβρίσῃ.“ τῶν τοιούτων δέ φησιν ἔχεσθαι νοημάτων καὶ τὸν περὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πέπλον ἐν τῇ πομπῇ τῶν Παναθηναίων ὑπὸ πάντων θεωρούμενον. δηλοῦται γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἀμήτωρ τις καὶ ἄχραντος δαίμων ἐπικρατεῖ θρασυνομένων τῶν γηγενῶν. ἀποδεξάμενος δὲ τὰ Ἑλλήνων πλάσματα ἐπιλέγει κατηγορῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων τοιαῦτα, ὅτι θεοῦ υἱὸν ὑπὸ διαβόλου κολάζεσθαι καὶ ἡμᾶς διδάσκει, ὡς ἂν ὑπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κολαζόμενοι καρτεροῖμεν. καὶ ταῦτα τὰ πάντῃ καταγέλαστα· ἐχρῆν γὰρ οἶμαι κολάσαι τὸν διάβολον ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τοῖς ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ διαβεβλημένοις ἀνθρώποις ἀπειλεῖν.