Against Celsus, Book VI · §15 · Origen of Alexandria

Humility, Plato’s and ours

Next, Celsus, like someone who has heard talk of humility at second hand and has not taken the trouble to understand it, wants to speak ill of the humility we teach, and thinks it a mishearing of Plato’s words. Plato says somewhere in the Laws: “God, as the ancient saying has it, holding the beginning, the end and the middle of all things that are, goes straight to his end as he moves round according to nature. And Justice always follows him, the avenger of those who fall short of the divine law; and he who is to be happy holds fast to her and follows, humble and well-ordered” (Plato, Laws 4.715e–716a). Celsus does not see that, among men far more ancient than Plato, these words were spoken in prayer: “Lord, my heart was not lifted up, nor were my eyes raised high; nor did I walk among great things, nor among wonderful things above me, unless I was humble-minded” (Psalm 131:1–2).

At the same time these words show that the humble-minded man does not necessarily humble himself in an unseemly and degrading way, falling to the ground on his knees and throwing himself face down, putting on the clothes of the wretched and heaping dust on himself. For the man who is humble-minded as the prophet describes walks “among great and wonderful things” above him (Psalm 131:1), among doctrines that are truly “great” and thoughts that are truly “wonderful,” and he humbles himself “under the mighty hand of God” (1 Peter 5:6). If some, through lack of learning, have not grasped clearly the teaching on humility and act in this way, the teaching is not to blame; rather we should pardon the lack of learning in those who have set the better things before themselves but, through their simplicity, fail to reach them.

For more truly “humble and well-ordered” than Plato’s humble and well-ordered man is the one who is well-ordered because he walks “among great” and “wonderful things” above him, and humble because, even while among these, he humbles himself of his own will, not under just anyone but “under the mighty hand of God” (1 Peter 5:6), through Jesus, the teacher of such lessons, who “did not count being equal with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave,” and “being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself, becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross” (Philippians 2:6–8). So great is the teaching on humility that its teacher is no ordinary one, but our Saviour himself, great as he is, says: “Learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls” (Matthew 11:29).

Greek

Εἶτα μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Κέλσος ὡς περιηχηθεὶς τὰ περὶ ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ μὴ ἐπιμελῶς αὐτὴν νοήσας βούλεται μὲν τὴν παρ᾿ ἡμῖν κακολογεῖν. οἴεται δ᾿ αὐτὴν παράκουσμα εἶναι τῶν Πλάτωνος λόγων, ὅς φησι ποὺ ἐν τοῖς Νόμοις· „ὁ μὲν δὴ θεὸς, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς λόγος, ἀρχήν τε καὶ τελευτὴν καὶ μέσα τῶν ὄντων ἁπάντων ἔχων εὐθείᾳ περαίνει κατὰ φύσιν περιπορευόμενος· τῷ δ᾿ ἀεὶ ξυνέπεται δίκη τῶν ἀπολελειμμένων τοῦ θείου νόμου τιμωρὸς, ἧς ὁ μὲν εὐδαιμονήσειν μέλλων ἐχόμενος ξυνέπεται ταπεινὸς καὶ κεκοσμημένος“· οὐχ ὁρῶν ὅτι παρὰ τοῖς πολὺ Πλάτωνος ἀρχαιοτέροις λέλεκται ἐν εὐχῇ τό· „κύριε, οὐχ ὑψώθη μου ἡ καρδία, οὐδὲ ἐμετεωρίσθησαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου, οὐδὲ ἐπορεύθην ἐν μεγάλοις οὐδὲ ἐν θαυμασίοις ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ, εἰ μὴ ἐταπεινοφρόνουν.“ ἅμα δὲ δηλοῦται διὰ τούτων ὅτι οὐ πάντως ὁ ταπεινοφρονῶν ἀσχημόνως καὶ ἀπαισίως ταπεινοῦται, χαμαιπετὴς ἐπὶ τῶν γονάτων καὶ πρηνὴς ἐῤῥιμμένος. ἐσθῆτα δυστήνων ἀμφισκόμενος καὶ κόνιν ἐπαμώμενος. ὁ γὰρ κατὰ τὸν προφήτην ταπεινοφρονῶν, πορευόμενος „ἐν μεγάλοις καὶ θαυμασίοις“ τοῖς ὑπὲρ αὐτὸν, τοῖς ἀληθῶς „μεγάλοις“ δόγμασι καὶ τοῖς „θαυμασίοις“ νοήμασι, ταπεινοῖ ἑαυτὸν „ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ θεοῦ.“ εἰ δέ τινες διὰ τὴν ἰδιωτείαν μὴ τρανώσαντες τὸ περὶ τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης δόγμα τοιαῦτα ποιοῦσιν, οὐ τὸν λόγον αἰτιατέον, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἰδιωτείᾳ τῶν προθεμένων μὲν τὰ κρείττονα διὰ δὲ τὸν ἰδιωτισμὸν ἀποτυγχανόντων συγγνωστέον. μᾶλλον γὰρ τοῦ κατὰ Πλάτωνα ταπεινοῦ καὶ κεκοσμημένου „ταπεινὸς καὶ κεκοσμημένος“ ἐστὶν ὁ κεκοσμημένος μὲν διὰ τὸ πορεύεσθαι „ἐν μεγάλοις“ καὶ „θαυμασίοις“ ὑπὲρ αὐτόν· ταπεινὸς δὲ, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἐν τούτοις ὢν ταπεινοῦται ἑκὼν. οὐχ ὑπὸ τὸν τυχόντα ἀλλ᾿ „ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ θεοῦ,“ διὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου τῶν τοιούτων μαθημάτων Ἰησοῦ· „ὃς“ „οὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ, ἀλλ᾿ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσε μορφὴν δούλου λαβὼν,“ „καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου, θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ.“ καὶ οὕτω μέγα δόγμα τὸ περὶ ταπεινοφροσύνης ἐστὶν, ὡς μὴ τὸν τυχόντα διδάσκαλον ἔχειν περὶ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ᾿ αὐτὸν λέγειν τὸν τηλικοῦτον ἡμῶν σωτῆρα· „μάθετε ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ, ὅτι πρᾷός εἰμι καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ. καὶ εὑρήσετε ἀνάπαυσιν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν.“

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About this text

Celsus claims that the best Christian teachings were taken from Plato and said better by the Greeks, and he charges Christians with the diagram of an obscure sect and with a crude reading of Genesis. Origen answers that the plain speech of Scripture serves everyone, that the prophets spoke before Plato, and that the God of the Christians is spirit, not body, and is made known through His Word.

Translated from the Greek of Koetschau, GCS 2–3 (1899), via the Perseus digital text, which serves as the base text. Each chapter was translated from the Greek and then checked clause by clause against it in an independent review. No earlier English translation was consulted.

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Translated from Koetschau GCS 2 – 3 (1899) — Greek (Greek · Book VI, chapters 1 – 81)

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