Against Celsus, Book V · §44 · Origen of Alexandria

One God, one temple, and the heaven of heavens

Since Celsus wants to put the solemn institutions of the Jews on a level with the laws of certain nations, come, let us examine these points too. He thinks, then, that the doctrine about heaven is no different from the doctrine about God, and he says that the Persians, like the Jews, offer sacrifices to Zeus, going up to the highest peaks of the mountains. He does not see that, as the Jews knew one God, so they had one holy house of prayer, one altar for whole burnt offerings, one altar for incense, and one high priest of God.

The Jews, then, had nothing in common with the Persians, who go up to the highest peaks of the mountains, of which there are many, and offer sacrifices that bear no likeness to those under the law of Moses. Under that law the priests of the Jews served “a copy and shadow of the heavenly things” (Hebrews 8:5), and they explained in secret the intention of the law concerning the sacrifices, and of what things these sacrifices were symbols.

So let the Persians call the whole circle of heaven Zeus. We, however, say that heaven is neither Zeus nor God, since we know that even one of the beings lower than God has risen above the heavens and above the whole of nature that the senses perceive. And this is how we understand the words: “Praise God, you heavens of heavens, and the water that is above the heavens; let them praise the name of the Lord” (Psalm 148:4–5).

Greek

Ἐπεὶ δὲ βούλεται Κέλσος κοινοποιεῖν τὰ σεμνὰ Ἰουδαίων ἐθνῶν τινων νόμοις. φέρε καὶ ταῦτα θεωρήσωμεν. νομίζει τοίνυν τὸ περὶ οὐρανοῦ δόγμα μηδὲν διαφέρειν τοῦ περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καί φησι παραπλησίως τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις τοὺς Πέρσας τῷ Διῒ θυσίας ἐπιτελεῖν. ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντας οὐχ ὁρῶν ὅτι Ἰουδαῖοι ὡς ἕνα θεὸν ἠπίσταντο. οὕτως ἕνα τὸν τῆς προσευχῆς ἅγιον οἶκον καὶ ἓν τὸ τῶν ὁλοκαρπωμάτων θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἓν τὸ τῶν θυμιαμάτων θυμιατήριον καὶ ἕνα τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀρχιερέα. οὐδὲν οὖν κοινὸν πρὸς Πέρσας ἦν Ἰουδαίοις, ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων, πλειόνων ὄντων, ἀναβαίνοντας καὶ θυσίας ἐπιτελοῦντας, οὐδὲν παραπλήσιον ἐχούσας ταῖς κατὰ τὸν Μωϋσέως νόμον· καθ᾿ ὃν „ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ“ ἐλάτρευον „τῶν ἐπουρανίων“ οἱ Ἰουδαίων ἱερεῖς, ἐν ἀποῤῥήτῳ διηγούμενοι τὸ τοῦ νόμου περὶ τῶν θυσιῶν βούλημα καὶ ὧν σύμβολα ἦσαν αὗται. Πέρσαι τοίνυν πάντα τὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κύκλον Δία καλείτωσαν, ἡμεῖς δὲ οὔτε Δία οὔτε τὸν θεόν φαμεν εἶναι τὸν οὐρανὸν, οἵ γε ἐπιστάμεθα καὶ τινα τῶν ἡττόνων τοῦ θεοῦ ὑπεραναβεβηκέναι τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ πᾶσαν αἰσθητὴν φύσιν. καὶ οὕτω γε συνίεμεν τοῦ· „αἰνεῖτε τὸν θεὸν οἱ οὐρανοὶ τῶν οὐρανῶν, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑπεράνω τῶν οὐρανῶν· αἰνεσάτωσαν τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου.“

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About this text

Origen answers Celsus’s claim that no God or Son of God has come down to men, shows why Christians worship God alone and not angels or the stars, and defends the hope of the resurrection against the charge that it is “the hope of worms.” He then rejects Celsus’s case that each nation should keep its own ancestral laws, and answers his mockery of the angels at Jesus’ tomb and of the many Christian sects.

Base text: Paul Koetschau's Greek, GCS 2–3 (1899), via the Perseus digital text. All 65 chapters of Book V were translated from the Greek in two passes (a literal gloss with key Greek words, then reading English), and every clause was then checked against the Greek in a separate review. Doubtful readings in the Greek are recorded in the translator's notes.

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Translated from Koetschau GCS 2 – 3 (1899) — Greek (Greek · Book V, chapters 1 – 65)

We have not yet re-checked this work against its source. We made this study translation with AI help. No scholar has yet certified it as faithful and complete. Open Greek on any section to see the source text. It is not a critical edition.

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