Against Celsus, Book V · §39 · Origen of Alexandria

Crocodiles, virtue and the second God

We must therefore inquire what is fit to be eaten and what is not, in a way that befits a rational and gentle living being that does everything by reason, and not worship sheep or goats or cows arbitrarily. To abstain from these is within reason, for much that is useful comes to human beings from these animals. But to spare even crocodiles, and to hold them sacred to some mythical god, I know not which, how is this not the most foolish thing of all? For it is the mark of people quite out of their senses to spare animals that do not spare, and to cherish animals that feast on human beings.

Yet Celsus is pleased with those who worship and cherish crocodiles according to some ancestral custom, and he has not written a single word against them. It is the Christians who seem to him to deserve blame, though they are taught to loathe vice and to turn away from the works that come from vice, and to revere and honour virtue as begotten by God and as being the Son of God. For we must not suppose that wisdom and righteousness are female in their essence because their names are feminine; and in our teaching these are the Son of God, as his genuine disciple made plain when he said of him: “who became for us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification and redemption” (1 Corinthians 1:30).

So even if we speak of a second God, let them know that by the second God we mean nothing other than the virtue that contains all virtues, and the Word that contains every rational principle whatever of the things that have come into being according to nature, by primary intent, and for the benefit of the whole. This Word, we say, has been joined to the soul of Jesus as its own and united with it, more closely than with any other soul, since he alone was able to receive perfectly the highest share in the very Word, the very Wisdom and the very Righteousness.

Greek

Χρὴ οὖν ζητεῖν τὸ ἁρμοζόντως τῷ λογικῷ καὶ ἡμέρῳ ζῴῳ καὶ λελογισμένως πάντα πράττοντι βρωτὸν καὶ οὐ βρωτὸν. καὶ μὴ κατὰ ἀποκλήρωσιν σέβειν ὄϊς ἢ αἶγας ἢ τὰς θηλείας βοῦς. καὶ τούτων μὲν ἀπέχεσθαι μέτριον, πολὺ γὰρ χρήσιμον ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ζῴων ἀνθρώποις γίνεται· τὸ δὲ καὶ κροκοδείλων φείδεσθαι, καὶ εἶναι ἱεροὺς αὐτοὺς οὐκ οἶδα τίνος μυθολογουμένου θεοῦ, πῶς οὐκ ἔστι πάντων ἠλιθιώτατον; σφόδρα γὰρ ἐμβροντήτων ἐστὶ τὸ φείδεσθαι ζῴων οὐ φειδομένων καὶ περιέπειν ζῷα ἀνθρώπους καταθοινώμενα. ἀλλὰ Κέλσῳ ἀρέσκουσι μὲν οἱ κατά τινα πάτρια κροκοδείλους σέβοντες καὶ περιέποντες, καὶ οὐδεὶς λόγος κατ᾿ ἐκείνων αὐτῷ γέγραπται· ψεκτοὶ δ᾿ εἶναι φαίνονται Χριστιανοὶ, τὴν κακίαν βδελύσσεσθαι διδασκόμενοι καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ κακίας ἔργα ἐκτρέπεσθαι, τὴν δ᾿ ἀρετὴν σέβειν καὶ τιμᾶν ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ γεγενημένην καὶ οὖσαν υἱὸν θεοῦ. οὐ γὰρ παρὰ τὸ θηλυκὸν ὄνομα καὶ τῇ οὐσίᾳ θήλειαν νομιστέον εἶναι τὴν σοφίαν καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ἅπερ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὡς ὁ γνήσιος αὐτοῦ μαθητὴς παρέστησε λέγων περὶ αὐτοῦ· „ὃς ἐγενήθη σοφία ἡμῖν ἀπὸ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνη τε καὶ ἁγιασμὸς καὶ ἀπολύτρωσις.“ κἂν δεύτερον οὖν λέγωμεν θεὸν, ἴστωσαν ὅτι τὸν δεύτερον θεὸν οὐκ ἄλλο τι λέγομεν ἢ τὴν περιεκτικὴν πασῶν ἀρετῶν ἀρετὴν καὶ τὸν περιεκτικὸν παντὸς οὑτινοσοῦν λόγου τῶν κατὰ φύσιν καὶ προηγουμένως γεγενημένων καὶ εἰς χρήσιμον τοῦ παντὸς λόγον· ὅντινα τῇ Ἰησοῦ μάλιστα παρὰ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ᾠκειῶσθαι καὶ ἡνῶσθαί φαμεν, μόνου τελείως χωρῆσαι δεδυνημένου τὴν ἄκραν μετοχὴν τοῦ αὐτολόγου καὶ τῆς αὐτοσοφίας καὶ τῆς αὐτοδικαιοσύνης.

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About this text

Origen answers Celsus’s claim that no God or Son of God has come down to men, shows why Christians worship God alone and not angels or the stars, and defends the hope of the resurrection against the charge that it is “the hope of worms.” He then rejects Celsus’s case that each nation should keep its own ancestral laws, and answers his mockery of the angels at Jesus’ tomb and of the many Christian sects.

Base text: Paul Koetschau's Greek, GCS 2–3 (1899), via the Perseus digital text. All 65 chapters of Book V were translated from the Greek in two passes (a literal gloss with key Greek words, then reading English), and every clause was then checked against the Greek in a separate review. Doubtful readings in the Greek are recorded in the translator's notes.

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Translated from Koetschau GCS 2 – 3 (1899) — Greek (Greek · Book V, chapters 1 – 65)

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