The suffering servant is not the whole people
I remember once using these prophecies in a debate with those whom the Jews call wise. To this the Jew replied that they had been prophesied of the whole people as of a single person, a people that had been in the dispersion and had been struck, so that many might become proselytes through the Jews having been scattered among the other nations. In this way he explained “Your appearance will be without honour among men” (Isaiah 52:14), and “Those who were not told of him will see” (Isaiah 52:15), and “a man under a blow” (Isaiah 53:3).
Many arguments were put forward in that debate to prove that they have no good reason for referring to the whole people these prophecies, which concern one particular person. I asked whose character it could be that says, “This man bears our sins and suffers pain for us” (Isaiah 53:4), and, “But he was wounded because of our sins, and has been made weak because of our lawless deeds” (Isaiah 53:5); and whose character it was that declares, “By his bruise we were healed” (Isaiah 53:5). For plainly it is those who had been in sins and were healed through the Saviour’s suffering, whether they came from that people or from the nations, who say these words in the prophet, who foresaw this and, by the Holy Spirit, put these words in their mouths.
But we seemed to press them hardest with the passage that says, “Because of the lawless deeds of my people he was led to death” (Isaiah 53:8). For if, on their view, it is the people who are the subject of the prophecy, how is this man said to have been led “to death” “because of the lawless deeds of the people” of God, unless he is someone other than the people of God? And who is he, if not Jesus Christ, by whose “bruise” we who believe in him “were healed” (Isaiah 53:5; 1 Peter 2:24), he who stripped off “the rulers and authorities” that were in us, and made a show of them “openly” on the tree (Colossians 2:15)?
To make clear each point in the prophecy, and to leave none of it unexamined, belongs to another occasion. Even this much has been said at some length, necessarily, I think, because of the words of Celsus’s Jew quoted above.
Greek
Μέμνημαι δέ ποτε ἔν τινι πρὸς τοὺς λεγομένους παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις σοφοὺς [ἐν]ζητήσει ταῖς προφητείαις ταύταις χρησάμενος, ἐφ᾿ οἷς ἔλεγεν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος ταῦτα πεπροφητεῦσθαι ὡς περὶ ἑνὸς τοῦ ὅλου λαοῦ, καὶ γενομένου ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ καὶ πληγέντος, ἵνα πολλοὶ προσήλυτοι γένωνται τῇ προφάσει τοῦ ἐπεσπάρθαι Ἰουδαίους τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσι. καὶ οὕτω διηγεῖτο τὸ „ἀδοξήσει ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων τὸ εἶδός σου“ καὶ τὸ „οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ ὄψονται“ καὶ τὸ ἄνθρωπος ἐν πληγῇ ὤν.“ πολλὰ μὲν οὖν τότ᾿ ἐν τῇ ζητήσει λέλεκται τὰ ἐλέγχοντα ὅτι περί τινος ἑνὸς ταῦτα προφητευόμενα οὐκ εὐλόγως ἐκεῖνοι ἀνάγουσιν ἐπὶ ὅλον τὸν λαόν. ἐπυνθανόμην δὲ, τίνος ἂν εἴη πρόσωπον τὸ λέγον· „οὗτος τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν φέρει καὶ περὶ ἡμῶν ὀδυνᾶται“ καὶ τό· „αὐτὸς δὲ ἐτραυματίσθη διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, καὶ μεμαλάκισται διὰ τὰς ἀνομίας ἡμῶν,“ καὶ τίνος πρόσωπον ἦν τὸ φάσκον· „τῷ μώλωπι αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς ἰάθημεν.“ σαφῶς γὰρ οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις γενόμενοι καὶ ἰαθέντες ἐκ τοῦ τὸν σωτῆρα πεπονθέναι, εἴτ᾿ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ ἐκείνου εἴτε καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν, ταῦτα λέγουσι παρὰ τῷ προφήτῃ προεωρακότι καὶ ἀπὸ ἁγίου πνεύματος ταῦτα προσωποποιήσαντι. μάλιστα δ᾿ ἐδόξαμεν θλίβειν ἀπὸ τῆς φασκούσης λέξεως τό· „ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνομιῶν τοῦ λαοῦ μου ἤχθη εἰς θάνατον.“ εἰ γὰρ ὁ λαὸς κατ᾿ ἐκείνους εἰσὶν οἱ προφητευόμενοι, πῶς „ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνομιῶν τοῦ λαοῦ“ τοῦ θεοῦ λέγεται ἦχθαι „εἰς θάνατον“ οὗτος, εἰ μὴ ἕτερος ὢν παρὰ τὸν λαὸν τοῦ θεοῦ; τίς δ᾿ οὗτος, εἰ μὴ Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς, οὗ „τῷ μώλωπι“ „ἰάθημεν“ οἱ εἰς αὐτὸν πιστεύοντες, ἀπεκδυσαμένου „τὰς“ ἐν ἡμῖν „ἀρχὰς καὶ ἐξουσίας“ καὶ „παῤῥησίᾳ“ δειγματίσαντος αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ ξύλῳ; ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ προφητείᾳ σαφηνίσαι καὶ μηδὲν ἀβασάνιστον αὐτῶν παραλιπεῖν ἄλλου καιροῦ ἐστι. καὶ ταῦτα δ᾿ ἐπὶ πλεῖον εἴρηται, ὡς νομίζω, ἀναγκαίως διὰ τὴν ἐκκειμένην τοῦ παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ Ἰουδαίου λέξιν.