Why Christians will not call God Zeus
And perhaps the danger is no less for one who brings the name of God, or the name of the good, down to things it should not be given to, than for one who interchanges the names that belong to a secret teaching, applying those of lesser things to greater, and those of greater things to lesser. I pass over the fact that with the name Zeus one at once hears along with it the son of Cronus and Rhea, the husband of Hera, the brother of Poseidon, the father of Athena and Artemis, and the one who lay with his daughter Persephone; or that with Apollo one hears the son of Leto and Zeus, the brother of Artemis, and the brother of Hermes on his father's side; and whatever else is told by those wise fathers of Celsus's doctrines, the ancient theologians of the Greeks. For what arbitrary choice lets the name Zeus be taken in its proper sense, but not also the statement that his father is Cronus and his mother Rhea? The same must be done with the other gods who are named.
But this charge in no way touches those who, according to a certain secret teaching, apply Sabaoth, or Adonai, or any of the other names to God. Whoever can philosophise about names in their hidden meanings would also find much about the names by which the angels of God are called: one of them is called Michael (Daniel 10:13), another Gabriel (Luke 1:19), and another Raphael (Tobit 12:15), names that fit the tasks they perform in the universe by the will of the God of all. Our Jesus too belongs to a like philosophy of names: his name has already been plainly seen to drive countless demons out of souls and bodies, taking effect upon those from whom they were driven out.
Further, on the topic of names it must be said that those skilled in the use of incantations report that the same incantation, spoken in its own language, can accomplish what the incantation promises; but translated into any other tongue whatever, it can be seen to be feeble and powerless. So it is not the meanings that stand for things, but the qualities and peculiarities of the sounds, that have a certain power in themselves for this purpose or that.
By such arguments we shall also defend the Christians for struggling even to death so as not to proclaim Zeus as God, nor to name him in another language. For they confess either the common name "God" without further definition, or with the addition, "the Maker of all, the Creator of heaven and earth (Psalm 146:6), who sent down to the human race these particular wise men"; for the name "God", joined to this designation, works a certain power among men. Much else could be said on the topic of names against those who think one need not care how they are used. And if Plato is admired for saying in the Philebus, "My fear, Protarchus, about the names of the gods is no small one" (Plato, Philebus 12c), because Philebus, who was conversing with Socrates, had called pleasure a goddess, how shall we not rather approve the reverent caution of the Christians, who attach to the Maker of the universe none of the names taken up in the mythologies? But enough of this for the present.
Greek
Καὶ τάχα οὐκ ἐλάττων ὁ κίνδυνος τῷ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἐφ᾿ ἃ μὴ χρὴ κατάγοντι, ἤπερ τῷ τὰ κατά τινα ἀπόῤῥητον λόγον ὀνόματα ἐναλλάσσοντι καὶ τὰ μὲν κατὰ τῶν ἐλαττόνων φέροντι ἐπὶ τὰ κρείττονα τὰ δὲ κατὰ τῶν κρειττόνων ἐπὶ τὰ ἥττονα. καὶ οὐ λέγω ὅτι τῷ Διῒ εὐθέως συνεξακούεται ὁ Κρόνου καὶ Ῥέας υἱὸς καὶ Ἥρας ἀνὴρ καὶ Ποσειδῶνος ἀδελφὸς καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος πατὴρ καὶ ὁ τῇ θυγατρὶ Περσεφόνῃ μιγεὶς, ἢ τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι συνεξακούεται ὁ Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱὸς καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος ἀδελφὸς καὶ Ἑρμοῦ ὁμοπάτριος ἀδελφὸς, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα φέρουσιν οἱ σοφοὶ Κέλσου τῶν δογμάτων πατέρες καὶ ἀρχαῖοι θεολόγοι Ἑλλήνων. τίς γὰρ ἡ ἀποκλήρωσις, κυριολεκτεῖσθαι μὲν τὸν Δία οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν πατέρα μὲν αὐτοῦ εἶναι Κρόνον μητέρα δὲ Ῥέαν; τὸ δ᾿ ὅμοιον ποιητέον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὀνομαζομένων θεῶν. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἔγκλημα οὐδαμῶς ἅπτεται τῶν κατά τινα ἀπόῤῥητον λόγον τὸ Σαβαὼθ τασσόντων ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ τὸ Ἀδωναῒ ἤ τι τῶν λοιπῶν ὀνομάτων. ὅταν δὲ τὰ περὶ ὀνομάτων τις δύνηται τὰ ἐν ἀποῤῥήτοις φιλοσοφεῖν, πολλὰ ἂν εὕροι καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐπικλήσεως τῶν ἀγγέλων τοῦ θεοῦ· ὧν ὁ μέν τις Μιχαὴλ ἕτερος δὲ Γαβριὴλ καὶ ἄλλος Ῥαφαὴλ καλεῖται. φερωνύμως τοῖς πράγμασιν, ἃ διακονοῦνται κατὰ βούλημα τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν ὅλων ἐν τῷ παντί. τῆς δ᾿ ὁμοίας ἔχεται περὶ ὀνομάτων φιλοσοφίας καὶ ὁ ἡμέτερος Ἰησοῦς, οὗ τὸ ὄνομα μυρίους ἤδη ἐναργῶς ἑώραται δαίμονας ἐξελάσαν ψυχῶν καὶ σωμάτων, ἐνεργῆσαν εἰς ἐκείνους ἀφ᾿ ὧν ἀπηλάθησαν. ἔτι δ᾿ εἰς τὸν περὶ ὀνομάτων τόπον λεκτέον ὅτι οἱ περὶ τὴν χρῆσιν τῶν ἐπῳδῶν δεινοὶ ἱστοροῦσιν, ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπῳδὴν εἰπόντα μὲν τῇ οἰκείᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἔστιν ἐνεργῆσαι ὅπερ ἐπαγγέλλεται ἡ ἐπῳδή· μεταλαβόντα δὲ εἰς ἄλλην οἱανδηποτοῦν φωνὴν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἄτονον καὶ οὐδὲν δυναμένην. οὕτως οὐ τὰ σημαινόμενα κατὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ἀλλ᾿ αἱ τῶν φωνῶν ποιότητες καὶ ἰδιότητες ἔχουσί τι δυνατὸν ἐν αὐταῖς πρὸς τάδε τινὰ ἢ τάδε. οὕτω δ᾿ ἀπολογησόμεθα διὰ τῶν τοιούτων καὶ περὶ τοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἀγωνίζεσθαι Χριστιανοὺς, ἵνα μὴ τὸν Δία θεὸν ἀναγορεύσωσι μηδ᾿ ἄλλῃ διαλέκτῳ αὐτὸν ὀνομάσωσιν. ἢ γὰρ ἀορίστως ὁμολογοῦσι τὸ κοινὸν ὄνομα τὸ θεὸς ἢ καὶ μετὰ προσθήκης τῆς·“ ὁ δημιουργὸς τῶν ὅλων, ὁ ποιητὴς οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁ καταπέμψας τῷ γένει τῶν ἀνθρώπων τούσδε τινὰς τοὺς σοφούς“· ὡς τῷ ὀνόματι ἐφαρμοζόμενον τὸ θεὸς ὄνομα δύναμίν τινα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἐπιτελεῖ. πολλὰ δ᾿ ἂν καὶ ἄλλα λέγοιτο εἰς τὸν περὶ ὀνομάτων τόπον πρὸς τοὺς οἰομένους δεῖν ἀδιαφορεῖν περὶ τῆς χρήσεως αὐτῶν. καὶ εἴπερ θαυμάζεται Πλάτων εἰπὼν ἐν Φιλήβῳ· „τὸ δ᾿ ἐμὸν δέος, ὦ Πρώταρχε. περὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν θεῶν οὐκ ὀλίγον.“ ἐπεὶ Φίληβος θεὸν τὴν ἡδονὴν εἶπεν ὁ προσδιαλεγόμενος τῷ Σωκράτει· πῶς οὐ μᾶλλον τῆς εὐλαβείας ἀποδεξόμεθα Χριστιανοὺς, μηδὲν τῶν ἐν ταῖς μυθοποιΐαις παραλαμβανομένων ὀνομάτων προσάπτοντας τῷ τοῦ παντὸς δημιουργῷ; ἀλλὰ γὰρ τούτων ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἅλις.