Paraphrase of Ecclesiastes · §3.2 · Gregory Thaumaturgus

Judgment below, and the reasoning that man is no better than a beast

Solomon sees judgment below, then recalls his former reasoning that human beings are no better than beasts.

I saw in the regions below a pit of punishment receiving the ungodly, and another place set apart for the godly (Ecclesiastes 3:16-17).

And I reasoned that before God all things were regarded and judged alike: that the righteous and the unrighteous were the same, and so were creatures with reason and creatures without it (Ecclesiastes 3:18). For, I thought, a span of time was measured out to all alike, and death hung over them; before God the races of beasts and of human beings were the same, and they differed from one another only in articulate speech; everything befell them in much the same way, and death came no more to the other living creatures than to human beings (Ecclesiastes 3:19). All, I supposed, had the same breath, and human beings had nothing more (Ecclesiastes 3:19); in a word, all things were empty, taking their make-up from the same earth and bound to be dissolved into the same earth (Ecclesiastes 3:20). For it was uncertain, I thought, whether human souls would fly upward, and whether the other souls, those that beasts possess, would melt away downward (Ecclesiastes 3:21).

And so it seemed to me that there was no other good than pleasure and the use of what is at hand (Ecclesiastes 3:22). For I supposed that once a human being has tasted death, he cannot come back again to the enjoyment of these things (Ecclesiastes 3:22).

Greek

Εἶδον ἐν τοῖς κάτω μέρεσι, κολάσεως μὲν βάραθρον τοὺς δυσσεβεῖς δεχόμενον, εὐσεβέσι δὲ χῶρον ἕτερον ἀνειμένον. Ἐλογισάμην δὲ πάντα ὅμοια ὑπάρχειν παρὰ Θεῷ νομίζεσθαι καὶ κρίνεσθαι, ταυτὸν εἶναι δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους, λογικὰ καὶ ἄλογα. Χρόνον τε γὰρ ἅπασιν ὁμοίως ἐπιμεμετρῆσθαι, καὶ θάνατον ἐπηρτῆσθαι, ταυτόν τε εἶναι παρὰ Θεῷ κτηνῶν τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων φῦλα, διαφέρειν δὲ ἀλλήλων, μόνῳ τῷ ἐνάρθρῳ τῆς φωνῆς· συμβαίνειν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα παραπλήσια, καὶ τὸν θάνατον χωρεῖν, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ζώων, ἤπερ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἀνθρώπους. Πνεῦμα γὰρ πᾶσιν ὅμοιον εἶναι, καὶ πλέον ὑπάρχειν ἐν ἀνθρώποις μηδέν, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἑνὶ λόγῳ εἶναι μάταια, ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς γῆς λαβόντα τὴν σύστασιν, καὶ εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν γῆν ἕξοντα τὴν ἀνάλυσιν. Ἄδηλον γὰρ εἶναι περί τε τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ψυχῶν, εἰ ἀναπτήσονται ἄνω, καὶ περὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἃς τὰ ἄλογα κέκτηνται, εἰ κάτω διαρρυήσονται. Καὶ ὅ μοι ἐδόκει μηδὲν ἕτερον ὑπάρχειν ἀγαθόν, εἰ μὴ τρυφὴ καὶ τῶν παρόντων χρῆσις. Οὐ γὰρ εἶναι πάλιν ᾠήθην, ἐπὶ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν τούτων ἐλθεῖν δυνατόν, ἅπαξ ἀνθρώπῳ θανάτου γευσαμένῳ.

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About this text

Gregory Thaumaturgus retells the whole of Ecclesiastes in Solomon's voice: human affairs are empty, pleasure and wealth never satisfy, and the book ends with its charge to fear God and keep His commandments, for every person will be judged. A fresh English translation from the Greek.

Gregory Thaumaturgus (c. 213–c. 270) wrote this paraphrase of Ecclesiastes for the whole Church of God. He was a third-century Christian bishop, born in Neocaesarea in Pontus to a wealthy pagan family and originally named Theodore.

The work is a paraphrase, not a commentary, presenting the teaching of Ecclesiastes in Gregory's own Greek. Gregory speaks in his own voice when he says he is addressing the Church and has given these matters sufficient thought.

A reader will meet Solomon, King David, and Gregory himself. The argument is that all human affairs and pursuits are empty and useless, because people are defeated by temporal things and refuse to look above the stars with the noble eye of the soul. Human life wears away like winter torrents pouring into the boundless deep. What God has established remains fixed, but human words and deeds have no measure, and idle talk brings no profit. Nothing new ever happens; what seems new was already known to the ancients, and both past and present fade into oblivion. The paraphrase then follows Ecclesiastes to its end: Solomon tries wisdom, pleasure and great works and finds them empty, weighs wisdom against folly, tells how he once reasoned that the righteous and the wicked meet the same end and rejects it, and closes with the charge to fear God and keep His commandments, for every person will be judged. The work paraphrases Ecclesiastes, so readers should use the Septuagint book name and numbering, cited as Ecclesiastes (LXX).

English translated from the Greek of the MGR / Documenta Catholica Omnia transcription (TLG 2063.006, from PG 10), read from its page images. From Ecclesiastes 1:13 to the end, each passage was also checked against the Greek and Latin columns of the Opera omnia print (Paris, 1622). The older Ante-Nicene Fathers English was used only as a sense check for the opening section.

Printed text used

Translated from MGR / Documenta Catholica Omnia concordance (Greek · Whole work)
Translated from Greek of the opening section (Greek · Ecclesiastes 1:1-12)
Also checked Opera omnia, Greek and Latin (Paris: Sonnius, Morel and Cramoisy, 1622), page images (Greek and Latin · Ecclesiastes 1:13 to the end)

Where the prints differ

Section 5.1 (Ecclesiastes 5:8) — The transcription brackets οὐ as an editor's supplement; the 1622 print has it as text ('there is no need to wonder'), and the English follows the 1622 print.
Section 5.2 (Ecclesiastes 5:10) — The transcription's χόρος is read as κόρος ('fill, satiety') with the 1622 print.
Section 7.1 (Ecclesiastes 6:12) — The transcription's πλέοντι is read as πλέον τι ('anything more') with the 1622 print.
Section 10.2 (Ecclesiastes 10:9) — The transcription prints ἀλλὰ μή with the editor's conjecture μήν; the English follows μήν ('Moreover'), as the 1622 Latin does.
Section 12.2 (Ecclesiastes 12:8) — The transcription's ἂ is read as the relative ἃ ('what I said before'), as the 1622 Latin requires.
Chapters 6-12 — Small typing and accent errors in the transcription are corrected from the 1622 print.

We have not yet re-checked this work against its source. We made this study translation with AI help. No scholar has yet certified it as faithful and complete. Open Greek on any section to see the source text. It is not a critical edition.

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