Against the fifth element and the call to glorify the Creator
Basil is concluding his refutation of pagan theories about the heavens and turning to the proper response: glorifying God from the visible creation.
Because of these constraints of reasoning, as they say, those who rejected the arguments of their predecessors needed a hypothesis of their own—the ones who posited a fifth nature of body for the generation of the heaven and the stars in it. Then another of those who swell with plausible argument rose up against them in turn, and he scattered and dissolved their views, introducing his own opinion instead. If we now tried to speak about these matters, we would fall into the same endless chatter as they do. But let us leave them to be overthrown by each other, and let us set aside the question of substance. Persuaded by Moses that God made the heaven and the earth (Genesis 1:1), let us glorify the master craftsman of all that has been made wisely and skillfully, and from the beauty of the visible things let us contemplate the one beyond beauty, and from the magnitude of these perceptible and circumscribed bodies let us reason by analogy to the one who is infinite, beyond all magnitude, and who surpasses every mind in the abundance of his power. For even if we do not know the nature of the things that were made, still what falls wholly under our perception holds so much wonder that even the most skilled mind proves inferior to the least of the things in the world—inferior either to the task of expounding it worthily, or to the task of rendering the praise owed to the Creator. To him be all glory, honor, and might, forever and ever. Amen.
Homily 2: On the earth being invisible and unformed
This morning we lingered over a few small words, and we found the depth of their meaning so hidden that we utterly despaired of what follows. For if the outer courts of the holy places are like this, and the gateways of the temple are so majestic and overwhelming, dazzling the eyes of our mind with the excess of their beauty, what must the holy of holies be? Who is fit to dare enter the inner sanctuaries? Who can look upon the secret things? Their very sight is unapproachable, and the word that would explain what is understood is altogether hard to utter. Nevertheless, since with the righteous judge there are appointed rewards not to be despised even for the mere choice of what is right, let us not shrink from the search. For even if we fall short of what is worthy, if we do not miss the intention of Scripture with the help of the Spirit, we too will not be judged altogether worthless, and with the cooperation of grace we will provide some building up for the Church of God.
Now the earth was, it says, invisible and unformed (Genesis 1:2). How is it that when heaven and earth were both made at the same time, the heaven was completed, while the earth is still incomplete and unworked? Or what, in any case, is the unformed state of the earth? And for what reason was it invisible? The complete formation of the earth is its abundance: the sprouting of all kinds of plants, the putting forth of the tallest trees, both fruitful and unfruitful, the bright colors and sweet fragrances of flowers, and all the things that a little later were about to spring up at the command of God and adorn the earth that gave them birth. Since none of these yet existed, the text rightly called it unformed. We could say the same things about the heaven as well: it too was not yet finished, nor had it received its proper adornment, since it was not yet illuminated by moon or sun, nor crowned with the choirs of the stars.
Greek
Διὰ μὲν δὴ ταύτας, ὥς φασι, τῶν λογισμῶν τὰς ἀνάγκας, τοὺς τῶν προαγόντων ἀθετήσαντες λόγους, οἰκείας ὑποθέσεως ἐδεήθησαν οἱ πέμπτην σώματος φύσιν εἰς τὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν κατ' αὐτὸν ἀστέρων γένεσιν ὑποτιθέμενοι. Ἄλλος δέ τις τῶν σφριγώντων κατὰ πιθανολογίαν ἐπαναστὰς πάλιν τούτοις, ταῦτα μὲν διέχεε καὶ διέλυσεν, οἰκείαν δὲ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ ἀντεισήγαγε δόξαν. Περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν ἐπιχειροῦντες, εἰς τὴν ὁμοίαν αὐτοῖς ἀδολεσχίαν ἐμπεσούμεθα. Ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς ἐκείνους ὑπ' ἀλλήλων ἐάσαντες καταβάλλεσθαι, αὐτοὶ τοῦ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἀφέμενοι λόγου, πεισθέντες Μωϋσεῖ, ὅτι Ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, τὸν ἀριστοτέχνην τῶν σοφῶς καὶ ἐντέχνως γενομένων δοξάσωμεν, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ κάλλους τῶν ὁρωμένων τὸν ὑπέρκαλον ἐννοώμεθα, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μεγέθους τῶν αἰσθητῶν τούτων καὶ περιγραπτῶν σωμάτων ἀναλογιζώμεθα τὸν ἄπειρον καὶ ὑπερμεγέθη καὶ πᾶσαν διάνοιαν ἐν τῷ πλήθει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ δυνάμεως ὑπερβαί νοντα. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἀγνοοῦμεν τῶν γενομένων, ἀλλὰ τό γε ὁλοσχερῶς ὑποπῖπτον ἡμῶν τῇ αἰσθήσει τοσοῦτον ἔχει τὸ θαῦμα, ὥστε καὶ τὸν ἐντρεχέστατον νοῦν ἐλάττονα ἀναφανῆναι τοῦ ἐλαχίστου τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, πρὸς τὸ ἢ δυνηθῆναι αὐτὸ κατ' ἀξίαν ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἢ τὸν ὀφειλόμενον ἔπαινον ἀποπληρῶσαι τῷ κτίσαντι· ᾧ πᾶσα δόξα, τιμὴ καὶ κράτος, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν. ΟΜΙΛΙΑ βʹ. Περὶ τοῦ ἀόρατος ἦν ἡ γῆ καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος 2.1 Μικροῖς ἕωθεν ἐνδιατρίψαντες ῥήμασι, τοσοῦτον ἀποκεκρυμμένον τὸ βάθος τῆς διανοίας εὕρομεν, ὥστε τῶν ἐφεξῆς παντελῶς ἀπογνῶναι. Εἰ γὰρ τὰ προαύλια τῶν ἁγίων τοιαῦτα, καὶ τὰ προπύλαια τοῦ ναοῦ οὕτω σεμνὰ καὶ ὑπέρ ογκα, τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τοῦ κάλλους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς διανοίας ἡμῶν περιαστράπτοντα, ποταπὰ τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων; καὶ τίς ἱκανὸς κατατολμῆσαι τῶν ἀδύτων; ἢ τίς ἐπόψεται τὰ ἀπόρρητα; Ἀπρόσιτος μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ θέα, δυσερμήνευτος δὲ παντελῶς τῶν νοηθέντων ὁ λόγος. Πλὴν ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ παρὰ τῷ δικαίῳ κριτῇ, καὶ ὑπὲρ μόνου τοῦ προελέσθαι τὰ δέοντα, οὐκ εὐκαταφρόνητοί εἰσιν ἀφωρισμένοι μισθοὶ, μὴ ἀποκνήσωμεν πρὸς τὴν ἔρευναν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας ἀπολειπόμεθα, ἀλλ' ἐὰν τοῦ βουλή ματος τῆς Γραφῆς μὴ ἐκπέσωμεν τῇ βοηθείᾳ τοῦ Πνεύματος, καὶ αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἀπόβλητοι παντελῶς κριθησόμεθα, καὶ τῇ συνεργίᾳ τῆς χάριτος οἰκοδομήν τινα τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ παρεξόμεθα. Ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν, φησὶν, ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος. Πῶς ἀμφοτέρων ὁμοτίμως γενομένων οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁ μὲν οὐρανὸς ἀπηρτίσθη, ἡ δὲ γῆ ἔτι ἀτελής ἐστι καὶ ἀνεξέργαστος; Ἢ ὅλως, τί τὸ ἀκατάσκευον τῆς γῆς; καὶ διὰ ποίαν αἰτίαν ἀόρατος ἦν; Ἔστι μὲν οὖν τελεία κατασκευὴ γῆς ἡ ἀπ' αὐτῆς εὐθηνία· φυτῶν παντοδαπῶν βλαστήσεις· δένδρων ὑψηλοτάτων προβολαὶ καρπίμων τε καὶ ἀκάρπων· ἀνθῶν εὔχροιαι καὶ εὐωδίαι· καὶ ὅσα μικρὸν ὕστερον μέλλει τῷ προστάγματι τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπανατείλαντα τῇ γῇ τὴν γεννησαμένην κατακοσμεῖν. Ὧν ἐπειδὴ οὐδὲν οὔπω ἦν, ἀκατάσκευον αὐτὴν εἰκότως ὁ λόγος ὠνόμασε. Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα κἂν περὶ οὐρανοῦ εἴποιμεν· ὅτι οὐκ ἐξείργαστο οὔπω οὐδὲ αὐτὸς, οὐδὲ τὸν οἰκεῖον ἀπειλήφει κόσμον, ἅτε μήπω σελήνῃ μήτε ἡλίῳ περι λαμπόμενος, μηδὲ τοῖς χοροῖς τῶν ἄστρων κατεστεμμένος.