The earth's support and the philosophers' theory of its central place
Basil is addressing the question of what supports the earth, arguing that every proposed support leads to an infinite regress, and that the only safe answer is that God's power holds all things together.
For if you say that air is spread beneath the breadth of the earth, you will be at a loss how a soft and porous nature endures being squeezed by such a weight, but does not slip away on every side, fleeing the settling down and always pouring upward past whatever compresses it. Again, if you suppose for yourself that water is what lies beneath the earth, you will likewise ask how the heavy and dense does not sink through the water, but is held by a weaker nature though it so greatly exceeds it in weight. And then you will seek the seat of the water itself, and again be at a loss about what watertight and resisting base its lowest bottom rests upon.
And if you suppose that some other body heavier than the earth prevents the earth from moving downward, you will reflect that that body too needs something similar to cover it and keep it from falling. And if we can contrive something to place beneath that one, our mind will seek again the support of that one, and so we will fall into infinity, always devising other bases for the bases we keep finding. And the further we advance in reasoning, the greater the counter-resisting power we are forced to introduce, one that can push back against the whole weight above it at once.
For this reason, set a boundary to your thought, lest the word of Job overtake you for your meddling as you peer into things incomprehensible, and you too be asked by him, “On what are its rings fastened?” (Job 38:6). But if you ever hear in the Psalms, “I have made firm its pillars” (Psalm 74:3 (LXX)), consider the power that holds it together to be called pillars. For what does “He founded it upon the seas” (Psalm 23:2 (LXX)) indicate, except that the nature of water is poured around the earth on every side? How then, since water is flowing and naturally falls downward, does it remain suspended and never flow away? But do you not consider that the earth hanging by itself, being heavier in nature, presents the same or even greater difficulty for reasoning?
But it is necessary, whether we grant that the earth exists by itself or say that it rests upon the water, never to depart from devout thinking, but to confess that all things are held together by the power of the Creator. So we must say to ourselves, and to those who ask us on what this immense and unbearable weight of the earth is supported, that “In the hand of God are the ends of the earth” (Psalm 94:4 (LXX)). This is safest for our understanding and beneficial for our hearers.
Already some of the natural philosophers cleverly devise such causes for the earth remaining unmoved. They say that because it has taken the middle place of the universe, and because of its equal distance on every side from the extremity, it has nowhere to which it might incline more, and so necessarily remains upon itself, since the surrounding likeness on every side makes any inclination in any direction entirely impossible for it. And they say the earth did not obtain the middle place by lot, nor by chance, but that this position is natural and necessary for the earth. For since the heavenly body occupies the outermost place as regards the upward direction, he says, whatever weights we suppose fall from above will be brought together from every side to the middle.
Greek
Ἐάν τε γὰρ ἀέρα φῇς ὑπεστρῶσθαι πλάτει τῆς γῆς, ἀπορήσεις, πῶς ἡ μαλθακὴ καὶ πολύκενος φύσις ἀντέχει ὑπὸ τοσούτου βάρους συνθλιβομένη, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ διολισθαίνει πάντοθεν τὴν συνίζησιν ὑποφεύγουσα, καὶ ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄνω ὑπερχεομένη τοῦ συμπιέζοντος. Πάλιν, ἐὰν ὑποθῇς ἑαυτῷ ὕδωρ εἶναι τὸ ὑποβεβλημένον τῇ γῇ, καὶ οὕτως ἐπιζητήσεις, πῶς τὸ βαρὺ καὶ πυκνὸν οὐ διαδύνει τοῦ ὕδατος, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς ἀσθενεστέρας φύσεως τὸ τοσοῦτον ὑπερφέρον τῷ βάρει κρατεῖται· πρὸς τὸ καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὕδατος τὴν ἕδραν ἐπιζητεῖν, καὶ πάλιν διαπορεῖν τίνι στεγανῷ καὶ ἀντερείδοντι ὁ τελευταῖος αὐτοῦ πυθμὴν ἐπιβαίνει. 1.9 Ἐὰν δὲ ἕτερον σῶμα τῆς γῆς ἐμβριθέστερον ὑποθῇ κωλύειν τὴν γῆν πρὸς τὸ κάτω χωρεῖν, ἐνθυμηθήσῃ κἀκεῖνο ὁμοίου τινὸς δεῖσθαι τοῦ στέγοντος καὶ μὴ ἐῶντος αὐτὸ καταπίπτειν. Κἄν τι δυνηθῶμεν ἐκείνῳ συμπλάσαντες ὑποθεῖναι, τὸ ἐκείνου πάλιν ἀντέρεισμα ὁ νοῦς ἡμῶν ἐπιζη τήσει, καὶ οὕτως εἰς ἄπειρον ἐκπεσούμεθα, τοῖς ἀεὶ εὑρισκομένοις βάθροις ἕτερα πάλιν ἐπινοοῦντες. Καὶ ὅσῳ ἐπὶ πλεῖον τῷ λόγῳ προΐεμεν, τοσούτῳ μείζονα τὴν συνε ρειστικὴν ἀναγκαζόμεθα δύναμιν ὑπεισάγειν, ἣ πρὸς ὅλον ὁμοῦ δυνήσεται τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ἀντιβαίνειν. Διὰ τοῦτο ὅρους ἐπίθες τῇ διανοίᾳ, μήποτέ σου τῆς πολυπραγμοσύνης ὁ τοῦ Ἰὼβ λόγος καθάψηται περισκοποῦντος τὰ ἀκατάληπτα, καὶ ἐρωτηθῇς παρ' αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺ, Ἐπὶ τίνος οἱ κρίκοι αὐτῆς πεπήγασιν. Ἀλλὰ κἄν ποτε ἐν ψαλμοῖς ἀκούσῃς· Ἐγὼ ἐστερέωσα τοὺς στύλους αὐτῆς· τὴν συνεκτικὴν αὐτῆς δύναμιν στύλους εἰρῆσθαι νόμισον. Τὸ γὰρ, Ἐπὶ θαλασσῶν ἐθεμελίωσεν αὐτὴν, τί δηλοῖ, ἢ τὸ πάντοθεν περικεχύσθαι τῇ γῇ τὴν τοῦ ὕδατος φύσιν; Πῶς οὖν ῥυτὸν ὑπάρχον τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ πρανὲς πεφυκὸς καταπίπτειν, μένει ἀπαιω ρούμενον καὶ οὐδαμοῦ ἀπορρέον; Σὺ δὲ οὐ λογίζῃ ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἢ καὶ ἔτι πλείονα ἀπορίαν τῷ λόγῳ παρέχει ἡ γῆ καθ' ἑαυτὴν κρεμαμένη, βαρυτέρα τὴν φύσιν οὖσα. Ἀλλὰ ἀνάγκη, κἂν γῆν καθ' ἑαυτὴν εἶναι δῶμεν, κἂν ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος αὐτὴν ἀποσαλεύειν εἴπωμεν, μηδαμοῦ ἀναχωρεῖν τῆς εὐσεβοῦς διανοίας, ἀλλὰ πάντα ὁμοῦ συγκρατεῖσθαι ὁμολο γεῖν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ κτίσαντος. Ταῦτα οὖν χρὴ ἑαυτοῖς τε λέγειν, καὶ τοῖς διερωτῶσιν ἡμᾶς, ἐπὶ τίνος τὸ ἄπλετον τοῦτο καὶ ἀφόρητον τῆς γῆς ἐρήρεισται βάρος, ὅτι Ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς. Τοῦτο ἀσφαλέστατον ἡμῖν πρὸς νόησιν, καὶ ὠφέλιμον τοῖς ἀκούουσιν. 1.10 Ἤδη δέ τινες τῶν φυσικῶν καὶ τοιαύταις αἰτίαις τὴν γῆν ἀκίνητον μένειν κατακομψεύονται. Ὡς ἄρα διὰ τὸ τὴν μέσην τοῦ παντὸς εἰληφέναι χώραν, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἴσην πάντοθεν πρὸς τὸ ἄκρον ἀπόστασιν, οὐκ ἔχουσαν ὅπου μᾶλλον ἀποκλιθῇ, ἀναγκαίως μένειν ἐφ' ἑαυτῆς, ἀδύνατον αὐτῇ παντελῶς τὴν ἐπί τι ῥοπὴν τῆς πανταχόθεν περικειμένης ὁμοιότητος ἐμποιούσης. Τὴν δὲ μέσην χώραν μὴ ἀποκληρωτικῶς τὴν γῆν, μηδὲ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου λαχεῖν, ἀλλὰ φυσικὴν εἶναι ταύτην τῇ γῇ καὶ ἀναγκαίαν τὴν θέσιν. Τοῦ γὰρ οὐρανίου σώματος τὴν ἐσχάτην χώραν ὡς πρὸς τὸ ἄνω κατέχοντος, ἅπερ ἂν, φησὶν, ὑποθώμεθα βάρη ἐκπίπτειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἄνω, ταῦτα πανταχόθεν ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον συνενεχθήσεται.