The dry land's proper quality and the naming of earth
Basil is explaining why Genesis says 'the dry land appeared' and then 'God called the dry land earth,' arguing that dryness is the defining quality of earth, and he extends this to the four elements and their paired qualities.
“And it became so.” This sequel is sufficient to show that the Creator’s voice came to fulfillment in deed. But in many copies there is added: “And the water under heaven was gathered into its gatherings, and the dry land appeared”—which neither some of the other translators have published, nor does the usage of the Hebrews appear to contain. For in truth, after the testimony that “It became so,” the further detailed narration of the same things is redundant. In the accurate copies, then, these words have been marked with an obelus; and the obelus is a sign of rejection. “And God called the dry land earth, and the gatherings of the waters he called seas” (Genesis 1:10). Why is it that earlier it says, “Let the waters be gathered into one gathering, and let the dry land appear” (Genesis 1:9), but it is not written, “and let the earth appear”? And here again, “The dry land appeared, and God called the dry land earth”? Because “dry” is the peculiar property, the as it were characteristic of the nature of the underlying thing, while “earth” is a bare appellation of the thing. For just as rationality is the peculiar property of a human being, while the word “human being” signifies the animal in which that property resides, so also dryness is the peculiar and exceptional property of earth. That, then, which properly possesses dryness is called earth—just as that which properly possesses the neighing property is called a horse. And this is true not only of earth, but each of the other elements also has a peculiar and allotted quality, by which it is distinguished from the rest and by which each is recognized for what it is. Water has coldness as its own quality; air has moisture; fire has heat. But these, as the first elements of composite things, are contemplated by reason in the manner described; the things already arranged in body and falling under sense perception have their qualities joined together. And nothing among visible and perceptible things is absolutely single or simple and pure; rather, earth is dry and cold, water is moist and cold, air is hot and moist, fire is hot and dry. For in this way, through the paired quality, the power of each to mix with each comes forth. Each element is blended with its neighboring element through their common quality, and through its fellowship with what is near it is joined to its opposite. For example, earth, being dry and cold, is united to water through the kinship of coldness, and through water it is united to air; since water is placed in the middle between both, as if by the laying on of two hands it touches each of the adjacent elements with each quality—earth with its coldness, air with its moisture. Again, air by its own mediation becomes reconciler of the warring nature of water and fire, being intertwined with water through moisture and with fire through heat. And fire, being hot and dry in nature, is bound to air by its heat, and by its dryness it returns again to fellowship with earth.
Greek
Καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως. Ἀρκοῦσα αὕτη ἡ ἐπαγωγὴ πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι εἰς ἔργον ἐλθοῦσαν τοῦ δημιουργοῦ τὴν φωνήν. Πρόσκειται δὲ ἐν πολλοῖς τῶν ἀντιγράφων, Καὶ συνήχθη τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ ξηρά· ἅπερ οὔτε τινὲς τῶν λοιπῶν ἐκδεδώκασιν ἑρμη νέων, οὔτε ἡ χρῆσις τῶν Ἑβραίων ἔχουσα φαίνεται. Καὶ γὰρ τῷ ὄντι παρέλκει μετὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν τοῦ, ὅτι Ἐγένετο οὕτως, ἡ τῶν αὐτῶν πάλιν ἐπεκδιήγησις. Τὰ τοίνυν ἀκριβῆ τῶν ἀντιγράφων ὠβέλισται· ὁ δὲ ὀβελὸς, ἀθετήσεως σύμβο λον. Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν, γῆν, καὶ τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσε θαλάσσας. Διὰ τί καὶ ἐν τοῖς κατόπιν εἴρηται, Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ ξηρὰ, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ γέγραπται, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ γῆ; καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν, Ὤφθη ξηρὰ, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν, γῆν; Ὅτι ἡ μὲν ξηρὰ τὸ ἰδίωμά ἐστι, τὸ οἱονεὶ χαρακτηριστικὸν τῆς φύσεως τοῦ ὑποκειμένου, ἡ δὲ γῆ προσηγορία τίς ἐστι ψιλὴ τοῦ πράγματος. Ὡς γὰρ τὸ λογικὸν ἴδιόν ἐστι τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἡ δὲ ἄνθρωπος φωνὴ σημαντική ἐστι τοῦ ζῴου ᾧ ὑπάρχει τὸ ἴδιον· οὕτω καὶ τὸ ξηρὸν ἴδιόν ἐστι τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐξαίρετον. Ὧ τοίνυν ἰδίως ὑπάρχει τὸ ξηρὸν, τοῦτο ἐπικέκληται γῆ· ὥσπερ ᾧ ἰδίως πρόσεστι τὸ χρεμετιστικὸν, τοῦτο ἐπικέκληται ἵππος. Οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔστι τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων στοιχείων ἕκαστον ἰδιάζουσαν καὶ ἀποκεκληρωμένην ἔχει ποιότητα, δι' ἧς τῶν τε λοιπῶν ἀποκρίνεται, καὶ αὐτὸ ἕκαστον ὁποῖόν ἐστιν ἐπιγινώσκεται. Τὸ μὲν ὕδωρ ἰδίαν ποιότητα τὴν ψυχρότητα ἔχει· ὁ δὲ ἀὴρ τὴν ὑγρότητα· τὸ δὲ πῦρ τὴν θερμότητα. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν, ὡς πρῶτα στοιχεῖα τῶν συνθέτων κατὰ τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον τῷ λογισμῷ θεωρεῖται, τὰ δὲ ἤδη ἐν σώματι κατατεταγμένα καὶ ὑποπίπτοντα τῇ αἰσθήσει, συνεζευγμένας ἔχει τὰς ποιότητας. Καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπολελυμένως ἐστὶ μοναχὸν οὐδὲ ἁπλοῦν καὶ εἰλικρινὲς τῶν ὁρωμένων καὶ αἰσθητῶν· ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν γῆ ξηρὰ καὶ ψυχρὰ, τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν, ὁ δὲ ἀὴρ θερμὸς καὶ ὑγρὸς, τὸ δὲ πῦρ θερμὸν καὶ ξηρόν, Οὕτω γὰρ, διὰ τῆς συζύγου ποιότητος, ἡ δύναμις προέρχεται τοῦ ἀναμιχθῆναι ἑκάστῳ πρὸς ἕκαστον· τῷ τε γὰρ γείτονι στοιχείῳ διὰ τῆς κοινῆς ποιότητος ἕκαστον ἀνακίρναται, καὶ διὰ τῆς πρὸς τὸ σύνεγγυς κοινωνίας τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ συνάπτεται. Οἷον, ἡ γῆ, ξηρὰ οὖσα καὶ ψυχρὰ, ἑνοῦται μὲν τῷ ὕδατι κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τῆς ψυχρότητος, ἑνοῦται δὲ διὰ τοῦ ὕδατος τῷ ἀέρι· ἐπειδὴ μέσον ἀμφοτέρων τεταγμένον τὸ ὕδωρ, οἱονεὶ χειρῶν δύο ἐπιβολῇ ἑκατέρᾳ ποιότητι τῶν παρακειμένων ἐφάπτεται, τῇ μὲν ψυχρότητι τῆς γῆς, τῇ ὑγρότητι δὲ τοῦ ἀέρος. Πάλιν ὁ ἀὴρ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ μεσιτείᾳ διαλλακτὴς γίνεται τῆς μαχομένης φύσεως ὕδατος καὶ πυρὸς, τῷ ὕδατι μὲν διὰ τῆς ὑγρότητος, τῷ πυρὶ δὲ διὰ τοῦ θερμοῦ συμπλεκόμενος. Τὸ δὲ πῦρ θερμὸν καὶ ξηρὸν ὑπάρχον τὴν φύσιν, τῷ μὲν θερμῷ πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα συνδεῖται, τῷ ξηρῷ δὲ πάλιν πρὸς τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς γῆς ἐπανέρχεται.