Homily to the Rich · §2 · Basil of Caesarea

The uselessness and restless multiplication of wealth

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Basil continues addressing the rich directly, arguing that wealth cannot satisfy even the body's small needs and that hoarded wealth is lost while scattered wealth endures.

“But what will you do with your wealth? Will you wrap yourself in costly clothing? A little tunic of two cubits will be enough for you, and the covering of a single cloak will fulfill the entire need for garments. Will you use your wealth for food? One loaf is enough to fill a stomach. Why then do you grieve? As one deprived of what? Of the glory that comes from wealth? But if you do not seek glory on the ground, you will find that true and radiant glory going before you in the kingdom of heaven. But the very having of wealth is lovable, even if no benefit comes from it.” That the zeal for useless things is unprofitable is known to everyone. Yet what I am about to say will perhaps seem strange to you, but it is truer than anything. Wealth, when scattered in the way the Lord prescribes, naturally remains; when held together, it is alienated. If you guard it, you do not have it; if you scatter it, you will not lose it. For he scattered, he gave to the poor; his righteousness endures forever (Psalm 112:9, LXX 111:9). But wealth is not eagerly sought by most people for the sake of clothing or food. Rather, the devil has devised a scheme that suggests to the rich a thousand occasions for expense, so that what is superfluous and useless is pursued as necessary, and nothing is ever enough for them in their devising of expenditures. For they divide their wealth between present need and future need, and they set aside one portion for themselves and another for their children. Then they divide the same wealth again into occasions for varied spending. Listen to what their arrangements are like. “Let one part of the wealth be in use,” he says, “and another in reserve. Let the part that serves needs go beyond the limit of what is necessary: let this one be ready for the extravagances of the household, and let that one serve for outward display. Let one supply extravagance for the traveler, and let the other make the life of the one who stays at home brilliant and admired.” So I am moved to marvel at the devising of superfluities. There are countless vehicles, some carrying baggage, others carrying the rich themselves, covered with bronze and silver. There are horses in great abundance, and these are traced in lineage from noble fathers, just like human beings. Some carry the rich as they live luxuriously through the city; others join in the hunt; others are trained for travel. Bridles and belts and collars, all silver, all inlaid with gold. Purple-dyed tapestries adorn the horses like bridegrooms. There is a multitude of mules, divided by color; their drivers succeed one another, some running ahead, some following alongside. Of the other household servants the number is boundless, sufficient for every extravagance: stewards, treasurers, farmers, skilled in every kind of craft, both the necessary and the one invented for enjoyment and luxury; cooks, bakers, cupbearers, hunters, sculptors, painters, craftsmen of every kind of pleasure. There are herds of camels, some for carrying burdens, some for pasturage; herds of horses, herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, herds of swine, and their keepers; land sufficient to feed all these, and still increasing the wealth by its revenues; baths in the city; baths in the country; houses gleaming with all kinds of marble, one with Phrygian stone, another with Laconian or Thessalian slabs; and of these, some warming in winter, others cooling in summer. The floor is adorned with mosaic stones, gold overlays the roof. And as much of the walls as escapes the stone facing is beautified with the flowers of painting.

Greek

–Ἀλλὰ τί χρήσῃ τῷ πλούτῳ; Ἐσθῆτι πολυτιμήτῳ περιβαλεῖς σεαυτόν; Οὐκοῦν δύο μέν σοι πηχῶν χιτωνίσκος ἀρκέσει, ἑνὸς δὲ ἱματίου περιβολὴ πᾶσαν τῶν ἐνδυμάτων ἐκπληρώσει τὴν χρείαν. Ἀλλ' εἰς τροφὴν καταχρήσῃ τῷ πλούτῳ; Εἷς ἄρτος ἱκανὸς ἀποπληρῶσαι γαστέρα. Τί οὖν λυπῇ; ὡς τίνος στερούμενος; δόξης τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ πλούτου; Ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ χαμαὶ ζητήσῃς τὴν δόξαν, εὑρήσεις τὴν ἀληθινὴν ἐκείνην καὶ λαμπρὰν προάγουσάν σε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ ἔχειν τὸν πλοῦτον ἀγαπητόν ἐστι, κἂν μηδὲν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ περιγίνεται ὄφελος. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἀνόνητός ἐστιν ἡ τῶν ἀχρήστων σπουδὴ, παντὶ γνώριμον. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ παράδοξον ἴσως φανεῖταί σοι ὃ μέλλω λέγειν· παντὸς δέ ἐστιν ἀληθέστερον. Σκορπιζόμενος ὁ πλοῦτος, καθ' ὃν ὁ Κύριος ὑποτίθεται τρόπον, πέφυκε παραμένειν· συνεχόμενος δὲ, ἀλλοτριοῦσθαι. Ἐὰν φυλάσ σῃς, οὐκ ἔχεις· ἐὰν σκορπίσῃς, οὐκ ἀπολεῖς· Ἐσκόρπισε γὰρ, ἔδωκε τοῖς πένησιν· ἡ δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα· Ἀλλ' οὐ γὰρ ἱματίων ἕνεκεν οὐδὲ τροφῶν ὁ πλοῦτός ἐστι τοῖς πολλοῖς περισπούδαστος, ἀλλά τις ἐπινενόηται μεθοδεία τῷ διαβόλῳ, μυρίας τοῖς πλουσίοις δαπάνης ἀφορμὰς ὑποβάλλουσα, ὥστε τὰ περιττὰ καὶ ἄχρηστα ὡς ἀναγκαῖα σπου δάζεσθαι, μηδὲν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐξαρκεῖν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἀναλωμάτων ἐπίνοιαν. Καταμερίζουσι γὰρ τὸν πλοῦτον πρός τε τὴν παροῦσαν χρείαν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν· καὶ τὸν μὲν ἑαυτοῖς, τὸν δὲ παισὶν ἀποτίθενται. Εἶτα καὶ διαιροῦσι τὸν αὐτὸν εἰς ἀφορμὰς δαπάνης ποικίλης. Οἷαι γὰρ αὐτῶν αἱ διατάξεις, ἄκουσον. Ἔστω, φησὶν, ὁ μὲν ἐν χρήσει πλοῦτος, ὁ δὲ ἀπό θετος· καὶ ὁ ταῖς χρείαις ὑπηρετούμενος ὑπερβαινέτω τῶν ἀναγκαίων τὸν ὅρον· οὗτος πρὸς τὰς κατ' οἶκον πολυτελείας παρέστω, ἐκεῖνος πρὸς τὰς ἔξωθεν φαντασίας ὑπηρετείτω· ὁ μὲν ὁδοιποροῦντι χορηγείτω τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁ δὲ ἐφ' ἑστίας μένοντι λαμπρὸν καὶ περίβλεπτον κατασκευαζέτω τὸν βίον· ὥστε μοι θαυμάζειν ἔπεισι τῶν περιττῶν τὴν ἐπίνοιαν. Ὀχήματά ἐστι μυρία, τὰ μὲν σκευαγωγοῦντα, τὰ δὲ αὐτοὺς περιφέροντα, χαλκῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ κεκαλυμμένα. Ἵπποι παμπληθεῖς, καὶ οὗτοι γενεαλογού μενοι ἀπὸ εὐγενείας πατέρων, ὥσπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Οἱ μὲν τρυφῶντας αὐτοὺς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν περιφέρουσιν· ἄλλοι συνθηρεύουσιν, ἄλλοι πρὸς ὁδοιπορίαν ἐξησκημένοι. Χαλινοὶ καὶ ζῶναι καὶ περιδέῤῥεα, πάντα ἀργυρᾶ, πάντα χρυσόπαστα. Τάπητες ἁλουργοὶ, κοσμοῦντες τοὺς ἵππους ὥσπερ νυμφίους· ἡμιόνων πλῆθος, κατὰ χρόαν διῃρημένων· ἡνίοχοι τούτων, ἀλλήλων διάδοχοι, οἱ προτρέχοντες, οἱ παρεπόμενοι. Τῶν ἄλλων οἰκετῶν ἀριθμὸς ἄπειρος πρὸς πᾶσαν αὐτοῖς πολυτέλειαν ἐξαρκῶν· ἐπίτροποι, ταμίαι, γεωργοὶ, παντοδαπῆς ἔμπειροι τέχνης, τῆς τε ἀναγκαίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν καὶ τρυφὴν εὑρημένης· μάγειροι, σιτοποιοὶ, οἰνοχόοι, θηρευταὶ, πλάσται, ζωγράφοι, ἡδονῆς παντοίας δημιουργοί. Ἀγέλαι καμ ήλων, τῶν μὲν ἀχθοφόρων, τῶν δὲ νομάδων, ἵππων ἀγέλαι, βουκόλια, ποίμνια, συφόρβια, οἱ τούτων νομεῖς, γῆ ἡ πᾶσι τούτοις πρὸς τροφὴν ἐξαρκοῦσα, καὶ ἔτι ταῖς προσόδοις τὸν πλοῦτον αὔξουσα· λουτρὰ ἐν πόλει· λου τρὰ κατ' ἀγρούς· οἶκοι παντοδαποῖς μαρμάροις περιλαμπόμενοι, ὁ μὲν Φρυγίου λίθου, ἄλλος Λακωνικῆς ἢ Θεσσαλικῆς πλακός· καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν ἐν χειμῶνι θάλποντες, οἱ δὲ ἀναψύχοντες ἐν τῷ θέρει. Ἔδαφος ταῖς ψηφῖσι διηνθισμένον, χρυσὸς ὑπαλείφων τὸν ὄροφον. Ὅσον δὲ τῶν τοίχων διαφεύγει τὴν πλάκα, τοῖς τῆς γραφικῆς ἄνθεσι καλλωπίζεται.

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About this text

Basil of Caesarea (c. 330–379) wrote this homily for wealthy Christians, especially those who resist selling their possessions and giving to the poor. He follows up an earlier sermon on the rich young man in the Gospels to press his hearers to obey Christ's command to sell possessions and give to the poor rather than cling to wealth.

Basil argues that the young man's refusal to sell shows a failure to love his neighbor as himself, since true love would have shared surplus wealth with the poor. He teaches that wealth is meant to be managed for others, not kept for luxury, and warns that love of wealth feeds the ways of the greedy, oppression of neighbors and neglect of the poor, which the judge will expose at the final judgment. He rejects excuses based on children and on life's needs, urges giving now while alive, and calls the rich to make wealth their own by giving it away, following Christ who became poor for humanity. The reader will meet the rich young man who went away sorrowful, Jesus Christ the Lord and true teacher, Ahab whose desire for the vineyard led to murder, Naboth the owner of that vineyard, and Abraham. Basil quotes Scripture throughout and argues against the objections of an imagined rich speaker, and he also gives words to Abraham and to servants or heirs who lecture the rich.

Wealth here means surplus possessions that should be given to the poor, and commandment means Christ's command to sell possessions and give to the poor. Eternal life is the promised goal and kingdom of heaven its inheritance, while love means love of neighbor, the greedy are those who always want more, and the judge is Christ at the final judgment. Naboth the Jezreelite is the owner of the vineyard coveted by Ahab. Basil quotes the Gospels and the Greek Old Testament, especially the Psalms and Ecclesiastes, and Psalm numbers follow the Greek version and differ at points from the Hebrew numbering.

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Translated from Migne PG text (Aegean University Digital Patrology, via (Greek)
Also checked Migne PG 31, archive.org scan patrologiae_cursus_completus_gr_vol_031 (Greek machine-read text) (Greek · check (same print; machine-read text compared word by word))

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