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Question 66 · Mary, the saints, images and prayer

Was Mary free from sin?

What the sources show

Tertullian c. 208 · Origen of Alexandria c. 233 · John Chrysostom c. 390Had faults

Several early writers speak of Mary's faults: Tertullian counts her among the unbelieving relatives, Origen reads Simeon's sword as Mary herself scandalized at the Passion, and Chrysostom speaks of vainglory and asking at the wrong time. 234

Irenaeus of Lyons c. 180 · Augustine of Hippo c. 415 · Council of Trent 1547 · Synod of Jerusalem (Orthodox) 1672No personal sin

Long before, Irenaeus had set Mary against Eve: what the virgin Eve bound by unbelief, the virgin Mary loosed by faith. Augustine, against Pelagius, excepted Mary alone from any talk of sin, for the Lord's honor. That became the common view, East and West. 1567

Pius IX 1854Immaculate Conception

In 1854 the Catholic Church defined that Mary was preserved from original sin from her conception. The Orthodox and Protestants do not accept this definition. 8

The answers given:
ApostolicBefore NicaeaNicaea and afterMiddle AgesReformation to today

Scroll through the centuries, or tap a dot. J K move between witnesses.

Before Nicaea

150–325
180c. AD
No personal sin

Irenaeus of Lyons c. 130–c. 202 ADAgainst Heresies 3.22.4

For what the virgin Eve bound by unbelief, the virgin Mary loosed by faith.

The sentence before this one says that the knot of Eve's disobedience was loosed by Mary's obedience: Eve, seduced, became the cause of death for the whole race, and Mary, believing the angel, became the cause of salvation. It is the earliest statement of Mary as the new Eve. This part of Against Heresies survives in its ancient Latin translation.

Full English of this work is being translated
208c. AD
Had faultsIndirect: does not say it outright

Tertullian c. 155–c. 220 ADOn the Flesh of Christ 7.9–13

Did Christ use this saying, "Who is my mother, and who are my brothers?", fittingly, to strike at the unbelief of those standing outside, or to shake off the importunity of those calling him away from his work? ... When indignation denies parents, it does not deny them; it rebukes them.

Against Marcion, who used the verse to deny Christ had a mother. Tertullian counts Mary among the unbelieving relatives of Mark 3:21.

Full English of this work is being translated
233c. AD
Had faults

Origen of Alexandria c. 185–c. 254 ADHomilies on Luke 17.6–7

What are we to think? When the apostles were scandalized, was the mother of the Lord free from scandal? If she did not suffer scandal in the Lord's Passion, Jesus did not die for her sins. ... Yes, Mary too was scandalized at that time. ... The sword of unbelief will pass through you, and you will be struck by the blade of doubt.

On Luke 2:35, Simeon's sword. Origen argues from the Lord's word that all would be scandalized that night, Peter included, and from Romans 3:23, quoted in the homily, that all sinned and need God's glory: Mary, he says, was scandalized at the cross, and the sword that pierced her soul was unbelief and doubt. The homilies survive in Jerome's Latin translation; a Greek fragment of this passage also survives.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text

Nicaea to Chalcedon

325–451
390c. AD
Had faults

John Chrysostom c. 349–407 ADHomilies on Matthew 44.1, on Matthew 12:46–50

So here too he healed the disease of vainglory and gave his mother the honor due to her, though she asked at the wrong time.

Chrysostom thinks Mary and the brothers wanted to show their authority over Jesus before the crowd, as at Cana. Several Greek fathers spoke of Mary's faults this way.

Full English of this work is being translated
415c. AD
No personal sin

Augustine of Hippo 354–430 ADOn Nature and Grace 36.42

Except, then, the holy Virgin Mary, about whom, for the honor of the Lord, I want no question at all to be raised when we are dealing with sins.

Pelagius had listed Mary among the sinless. Augustine agrees for her alone, asking how we can know what more grace she was given. He still held she was born with original sin. The Migne scan is poor here; the quote follows the standard text.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text

Reformation

1500–1700
1547AD
No personal sin

Council of TrentSession 6 Canon 23

except by a special privilege from God, as the Church holds in regard of the Blessed Virgin

Trent says no one avoids all venial sins for a whole life except by special privilege, "as the Church holds of the Blessed Virgin".

1672AD
No personal sin

Synod of Jerusalem (Orthodox)Confession of Dositheus Decree 6

and especially the Mother of God the Word, the ever-virgin Mary, did not experience these [sins], or such like faults.

The Orthodox hold Mary free of personal sin but do not accept the Immaculate Conception.

Modern churches

1700–today
1854AD
Immaculate Conception

Pius IXIneffabilis Deus Definition

the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin

Defined as Catholic dogma in 1854 after centuries of debate (Bernard and Aquinas questioned it; Duns Scotus defended it).

Witnesses not in the library yet

These writers also matter for this question. Their texts will join the timeline above once they are translated.

  • 360
    Ephrem the Syrian, Carmina Nisibena 27.8

    "You and your mother alone are wholly beautiful; no stain is in you." Syriac.

How this page was made

Every early quote was read in its Greek or Latin and translated for this page by Claude (Opus 5.5) on 13 October 2026. Each line names the printed edition it was read from. A quote marked indirect does not state the answer outright; read its note. A writer's silence is never counted as an answer.