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Question 49 · Baptism and the Lord's Supper

Did early Christians confess their sins to a priest?

What the sources show

Didache c. 100 · Tertullian c. 203Before the church

The earliest confession was before the congregation: the Didache and Tertullian's public "exomologesis". 12

Origen of Alexandria c. 240 · Cyprian of Carthage c. 251To a priest

By the third century, Christians also confessed to the bishop and priests, even sins of thought: Origen speaks of declaring sin to "the priest of the Lord", and Cyprian of confessing before "the priests of God". 34

Fourth Lateran Council 1215 · Westminster Assembly 1646

In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council made private confession to one's own priest a yearly duty. Reformed churches teach private confession to God and to those wronged. 57

The answers given:
ApostolicBefore NicaeaNicaea and afterMiddle AgesReformation to today

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Apostolic Fathers

30–150
100c. AD
Before the church

Didache c. 100 ADDidache 4.14

In the assembly you shall confess your transgressions, and you shall not come to your prayer with an evil conscience. This is the way of life.

Confession was made before the congregation, as also before the Eucharist (14.1).

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Before Nicaea

150–325
203c. AD
Before the church

Tertullian c. 155–c. 220 ADOn Repentance 9.2

This act, which is more often expressed and named by a Greek word, is exomologesis, by which we confess our sin to the Lord, not as if he did not know it, but because satisfaction is arranged by confession, repentance is born of confession, and by repentance God is appeased.

Tertullian describes a public penance in sackcloth, kneeling before the presbyters and the people.

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240c. AD
To a priest

Origen of Alexandria c. 185–c. 254 ADHomilies on Leviticus (Rufinus's Latin) 2.4

There is also a seventh, though hard and laborious: forgiveness of sins through penance, when the sinner washes his bed with tears, and his tears are his bread day and night, and when he is not ashamed to declare his sin to the priest of the Lord and to seek a remedy, as the one who says: "I said, I will declare my injustice against myself to the Lord, and you forgave the impiety of my heart."

The seventh of Origen's ways of forgiveness. He goes on to quote James 5:14 on calling the presbyters.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text
251c. AD
To a priest

Cyprian of Carthage c. 200–258 ADOn the Lapsed 28

How much greater in faith and better in fear are those who, though bound by no crime of sacrifice or certificate, yet because they even thought of it, confess this very thing before the priests of God with grief and simplicity, make the confession of their conscience, lay bare the weight on their soul, and seek a saving remedy even for small and slight wounds.

Confession even of sinful thoughts, to the bishop and presbyters, about 251.

Full English of this work is being translated

Middle Ages

1054–1500
1215AD
To a priest

Fourth Lateran CouncilCanons Canon 21

Every believer of either sex, after reaching the age of discretion, shall faithfully confess all his sins alone to his own priest at least once a year, and strive to fulfil the penance imposed on him as far as he can.

Private confession, which had spread from Irish and English monasteries, became a yearly duty for all.

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Reformation

1500–1700
1551AD
To a priest

Council of TrentSession 14, Canons on Penance Canon 6

If anyone denies that sacramental confession was either instituted by divine law or is necessary for salvation by divine law; or says that the way of confessing secretly to a priest alone, which the Catholic Church has always observed from the beginning and observes now, is foreign to the institution and command of Christ, and is a human invention: let him be anathema.

Trent answers the Reformation: private confession to a priest is not a medieval invention but Christ's ordinance; the next canon (7) adds that all mortal sins must be confessed, by divine law.

Full English of this work is being translated · Source text
1646AD
To God

Westminster AssemblyWestminster Confession of Faith 15.6

As every man is bound to make private confession of his sins to God, praying for the pardon thereof; upon which, and the forsaking of them, he shall find mercy; so, he that scandalizeth his brother, or the church of Christ, ought to be willing, by a private or public confession, and sorrow for his sin, to declare his repentance to those that are offended.

Lutherans kept private confession and absolution but did not require every sin to be listed (Augsburg Confession 11).

Witnesses not in the library yet

These writers also matter for this question. Their texts will join the timeline above once they are translated.

  • 459
    Leo I, Letter 168

    Secret confession to the priest is enough; public reading of sins is forbidden.

  • 1530
    Augsburg Confession, Articles 11 and 25

    Lutheran private absolution.

How this page was made

Every early quote was read in its Greek or Latin and translated for this page by Claude (Opus 5.5) on 13 October 2026. Each line names the printed edition it was read from. A quote marked indirect does not state the answer outright; read its note. A writer's silence is never counted as an answer.