Athenagoras, On the Resurrection of the Dead 23
It is supremely irrational that divinely given laws address human beings, yet judgment for lawful or unlawful deeds falls on souls alone. If the one who received the laws would justly also bear the penalty for lawbreaking, and a human being—not a soul by itself—received the laws, then a human being, not a soul by itself, must answer for the sins committed. God did not give laws to souls commanding them to abstain from things that do not concern them, such as adultery, murder, theft, and the dishonor owed to parents (Exodus 20:12), and every desire that leads to injustice and harm of neighbors (Exodus 20:17). The command "Honor your father and your mother" makes no sense for souls alone, because souls do not bear the names of father or mother; souls do not beget souls, but humans beget humans. Nor would "You shall not commit adultery" ever be spoken or conceived regarding souls, since they have no male‑female distinction, no capacity for sexual union, and no desire for it. Where such desire is absent, sexual union cannot exist; where sexual union does not exist at all, lawful marriage cannot exist; and where lawful marriage does not exist, neither unlawful desire nor unlawful union with another's wife can exist—that is what adultery is. Likewise, forbidding theft or the desire for more to souls is pointless; souls do not need the things that drive the needy to steal or plunder—gold, silver, livestock, or anything useful for food, shelter, or use—because what is desirable to those in lack is useless to an immortal nature. A fuller discussion of these points may be left to those who wish to examine each matter more closely or to contend more vigorously with opponents. For our purpose, what has just been said, together with the arguments that harmonize with it and confirm the resurrection, is sufficient; prolonging the same topics would no longer be timely. Our aim has not been to leave nothing unsaid, but to set out in summary for those gathered what one ought to think about the resurrection, and to match the opportunities now arising to the capacity of the hearers.
Greek
Καὶ μὴν κἀκεῖνο πάντων παραλογώτατον, τὸ τοὺς μὲν θεσπισθέντας νόμους ἐπ᾿ ἀνθρώπους φέρειν, τῶν δὲ νομίμως ἢ παρανόμως πεπραγμένων τὴν δίκην ἐπὶ μόνας τρέπειν τὰς ψυχάς. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ τοὺς νόμους δεξάμενος οὗτος δέξαιτ᾿ ἂν δικαίως καὶ τῆς παρανομίας τὴν δίκην, ἐδέξατο δὲ τοὺς νόμους ἄνθρωπος, οὐ ψυχὴ καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν, ἄνθρωπον δεῖ καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἡμαρτημένων ὑποσχεῖν δίκην, οὐ ψυχὴν καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν· ἐπεὶ μὴ ψυχαῖς ἐθέσπισε θεὸς ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν οὐδὲν αὐταῖς προσηκόντων, οἷον μοιχείας φόνου κλοπῆς ἁρπαγῆς τῆς κατὰ τῶν γεννησάντων ἀτιμίας, πάσης τε κοινῶς τῆς ἐπ᾿ ἀδικίᾳ καὶ βλάβῃ τῶν πέλας γινομένης ἐπιθυμίας. Οὔτε γὰρ τὸ Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ τὴν μητέρα σου ψυχαῖς μόνον εὐάρμοστον, οὐ προσηκόντων αὐταῖς τῶν τοιούτων ὀνομάτων· οὐ γὰρ ψυχαὶ ψυχὰς γεννῶσαι τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς ἢ τῆς μητέρος οἰκειοῦνται προσηγορίαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἀνθρώπους ἄνθρωποι· οὔτε οὖν τὸ Οὐ μοιχεύσεις ἐπὶ ψυχῶν λεχθείη ποτ᾿ ἂν ἢ νοηθείη δεόντως, οὐκ οὔσης ἐν αὐταῖς τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ διαφορᾶς οὐδὲ πρὸς μῖξίν τινος ἐπιτηδειότητος ἢ πρὸς ταύτην ὀρέξεως. Ὀρέξεως δὲ τοιαύτης οὐκ οὔσης, οὐδὲ μῖξιν εἶναι δυνατόν· παρ᾿ οἶς δὲ μῖξις οὐκ ἔστιν ὅλως, οὐδὲ ἔνθεσμος· μῖξις, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ὁ γάμος· ἐννόμου δὲ μίξεως οὐκ οὔσης, οὐδὲ τὴν παράνομον καὶ τὴν ἐπ᾿ ἀλλοτρίᾳ γυναικὶ γινομένην ὄρεξιν ἢ μῖξιν εἶναι δυνατόν, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι μοιχεία. Ἀλλ᾿ οὐδὲ τὸ κλοπὴν ἀπαγορεύειν ἢ τὴν τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίαν ψυχαῖς προσφυές· οὐδὲ γὰρ δέονται τούτων, ὧν οἱ δεόμενοι διὰ τὴν φυσικὴν ἔνδειαν ἢ χρείαν κλέπτειν εἰώθασιν ἢ λῃστεύειν, οἷον χρυσὸν ἢ ἄργυρον ἢ ζῶον ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν πρὸς τροφὴν ἢ σκέπην ἢ χρῆσιν ἐπιτηδείων· ἀχρεῖον γὰρ ἀθανάτῳ φύσει πᾶν ὁπόσον τοῖς ἐνδεέσιν ὀρεκτὸν ὡς χρήσιμον. Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ μὲν ἐντελέστερος περὶ τούτων λόγος ἀφείσθω τοῖς σπουδαιότερον ἕκαστον σκοπεῖν βουλομένοις ἢ φιλοτιμότερον διαγωνίζεθαι πρὸς τοὺς διαφερομένους. Ἡμῖν δὲ ἀρκούντων τῶν ἀρτίως εἰρημένων καὶ τῶν συμφώνως τούτοις τὴν ἀνάστασιν πιστουμένων, τὸ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐνδιατρίβειν οὐκ ἔτ᾿ ἂν ἔχοι καιρόν· οὐ γὰρ τὸ μηδὲν παραλιπεῖν τῶν ἐνόντων εἰπεῖν πεποιήμεθα σκοπόν, ἀλλὰ τὸ κεφαλαιωδῶς ὑποδεῖξαι τοῖς συνελθοῦσιν ἃ χρὴ περὶ ἀναστάσεως φρονεῖν, καὶ τῇ δυνάμει τῶν παρόντων συμμετρῆσαι τὰς ἐπὶ τοῦτο φερούσας ἀφορμάς.